Organelles

Organelles

Ultrastructure
1. The detail inside of a cell as revealed by an electron microscope
Most organelles are found in both plants and animals.
1. They have a specific funtion in each type of cell. (Division of labour)
Membrane Bound
1. Cytoskeleton
  1. The network of protein fibres found within cells which give structure and shape to a cell.
  2. Also help a cell move and moves organelles around the cell.
2. Flagella & Cilia
  1. Structurally the same in eukaryotes
    1. Different in prokaryotes, true motor which moves them. Uses energy in the form of ATP.
  2. Hair-like extensions from the surface of the cell.
3. Vesicles & Vacuoles
  1. Membrane bound sacs found in cells.
  2. Vesicles are used to transport substances around the cells
  3. In plants, a large cell vacuole helps maintain cell stability and keeps the cell turgid.
4. Cell Wall
  1. Only in plants.
  2. Outside of the cell surface membrane, made of cellulose.
    1. Held rigid by the pressure of fluid within the cell, supports cell and whole plant
5. Nucleus
  1. Largest organelle in a cell.
    1. Houses all the cell's genetic information.
  2. When stained shows dark patches called chromatin.
    1. Surrounded by nuclear envelope which has alot of holes called nuclear pores.
    2. Dense spherical structure called nucleolus inside.
6. Endoplasmic Reticulum
  1. Series of flattened membrane bound sacs called cisternae. Continues with the outer nuclear membrane.
    1. Smooth ER
      1. No ribosomes
      2. Synthesises lipids
    2. Rough ER
      1. Studded with ribsosomes
      2. Transport & Synthesis of proteins
7. Golgi Apparatus
  1. Stack of membrane-bound, flattened sacs.
    1. Recieves proteins from the ER and modifies them.
      1. Packages the modified proteins for transport.
8. Mitochondria
  1. Spherical or sausage shaped.
    1. 2 Membranes seperated by a fluid filled space.
9. Chloroplasts
  1. 2 membranes seperated by a fluid filled space.
  2. Inner membrane is continuous with a network of flattened membrane sacs called thylakoids.
  3. Site of photosynthesis, convert light into carbohydrates.
10. Lysosomes
  1. Spherical sacs surrounded by a single membrane, contains powerful digestive enzymes.
Non-membrane Bound
1. Ribosome
  1. Some are free, some are bound to ER
  2. Contain 2 subunits, site of protein synthesis.
  3. Act as assembly line to assemble amino acids from instructions sent from the nucleus.
2. Centrioles
  1. Small tubes of protein fibres.
  2. Take part in cell division, forming spindles which move chromosomes.

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