Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Putnam - Making
Democracy Work, Civic
Traditions in Modern Italy
- Social capital plays a central role in
explaining variation in democratic
performance
- Initial goal to asses the
difference institutional change
makes to democratic and
governmental performance in 20
Italian regions
- Also sought to find what
explains why some countries
are democratic and others are
not
- What is the nature of the relation
between society and its political
institutions
- What type of characteristics
of a society promote
democracy?
- Research Questions
- What are the conditions for creating strong,
responsive effective representative institutions
- What difference did the introduction of
regional government make to
institutional performance
- What explains the wide disparities in the
democratic performance of Italy's 20
regional governments
- Quotes
- Building social capital will not be easy, but it
is the key to making democracy work
- By social capital I mean features of
social life networks, norms and trust that
enable participants to acct together more
effectively to pursue shared
Anmerkungen:
- Research Design
- New powers for Italian government
provided a natural experiment to asses
performance of new governments
- A Case Study That:
- Exploits a natural experiment to asses the
different that institutional reform makes to
institutional performance over 20 years
- Comparing 20 regions but
focusing on six
- Justifciation
- 1970 reform rare case
example of creating new
representative institutions in
western Europe
- Possible to tease out relative weight of different
backgrond factors in shaping variation in democratic
performance
- Design provide opportunity to asses
association between different factors
and dependence variables and
opportunities to explore change over
time
Anmerkungen:
- Stage 1
- Describe institutional development in
response to increasing power for
regions over 20 years
- Developed objective indicators for
institutional perfomance
- Asses the degree to which these
correlate across regions over 20 years
- Data on institutional development -
extracted from surveys and
indicators of budgets and policy
areas controlled by regional
governments
- 1. Four waves of interviews with councilors from the 6 regions.
2. Three Waves of interviews with community leaders in the 6
regions
- 3. Nation wide mail survey.
4. Several nationwide
surveys of votes
- Findings Stage 1
- Institutional change happened
- Italian political leaders pursued different
career paths
- Citizens and leaders depend on different agencies for
government ation
- Marked regional disparities in the
institutional performance of different
regions recognised by their
constituencies
- Stage 2
- Goal - to explain regional disparities in
institutional performance
- Main explanatory
variable - civic
community
- Control variable include
socio-economic and social stability
- Institutional indicators used in
stage 1 and indicators of civic
community
- Preference voting - Clientlism.
Referendum turnot - participation.
Newspaper Readership - interest in public
affairs. Density of association - co-op
Anmerkungen:
- Method of Analysis
- Correlation between index of institutional
performance and other variables
- Correlation between civic traditions in
past and institutional performance
- Tracing roots of civic community from medieval
Italy to present through a historical narrative
- Findings Stage 2
- Civic community and socio- economic modern
correlated institutional performance
Anmerkungen:
- Explains more of the difference between north and south
- Civic traditions of 1880-1920 strongly correlated
with later institutional performance
- Historical link with feudalism in south and
history of civic republicanism in North and
institutional performance
- Independent effect of the role of
the communist party
- Putnam Inferences
- A civic community / social capital
is necessary for democracy
- Social capital more cause of economic
success than consequence
- Variation in institutional performance better explained by
different amounts of social captial
- Social capital built over time and path dependent
- Different social endowments can be traced
back to regime divergences in the 13th
Century
- Criticisms
- Indicators don't measure democratic
performance but policy performance
- Indicators of institutional performance are not
measuring one underlying concept
- Correlation between civic
community and institutional
performance break down
if run serparetely from
north to south
- Possible omitted variable bias,
ignore role of political and state
building strategies
- Historical Narrative Unconvincing
- Why middle ages source of difference
- What happened in the middle ages?
- If civic traditions are created
what explains their creation
- Tarrow argues policy performance can be
achieved under authoritarian regimes
- Levi poor
conceptualisation,
operationalization and
mesaurement of civic
involvement
- Fails to acknowledge other
sources that may contradict
his conclusions
- Historical process tracing
- Corruption not taken into account
- Social capital beyond Italy
- Studies tend to be
case specific not cross
case
- No one message emerging
from cases
- Paxton - trust in associational life not ncessarily
tightly linked in US and Britain or move the same
way over time
- Schnedier - Some evidence that participation
and social capital can be shaped by institutions