Protestant Reformation

Roman Catholic Church
1. Martin Luther
  1. Martin Luther was a German priest and Professor of Theology at the University of Wittenberg. He is credited as the origin of the Reformation movement.
  2. 95 Theses
    1. In 1521, Luther wrote the 95 theses with a detailed account of his deep concerns with the current Church doctrines.
      1. Summary of Theses:
        Insistence on the removal of indulgences
        Indulgences: "none of us could pile up enough good works to be saved, the Saints had a super abundance of them; and they developed a treasury of merits and graces that could be accessed. Access to this "Treasury" is what the church sells to the people, for themselves, friends, for loved one who have died, and even for sins in the future (1)
        Scripture and Faith alone.
        No amount of "good work" are able to earn a place in heaven. By the human condition, sinful thoughts are inevitable.
        Ignored the practices and teachings of the Church which did not match the Christ's teachings and rely solely upon the Bible for knowledge and wisdom
2. Protestant Church
  1. Church of England
    1. Henry VII
      1. Initially, a staunch supporter of the Catholic Church, labelled the "Defender of the Faith" (2) by Pope Leo for his zeal in disputing the tenets of Martin Luther
      2. The King of England from 1485 to 1509
      3. The King since 1509, he lacked but one thing in his life - a son. His wife, Catherine of Aragon had produced six children but only a daughter, Mary, survived. He becomes infatuated with Anne Boleyn, a lady in waiting. However, she will only accept bearing children with Henry if she is made Queen
        In 1527 he asked Pope Clement VII for a divorce on Scriptural grounds. He is denied a divorce. Henry argued that Kings of England enjoyed Imperial Power similar to that of the first Christian Roman Emperors. If he has the support of the highest religious authority in England he forces the Archbishop of Canterbury to officially break from the Roman Catholic Church.
      4. The Act of Supremacy
        The Act of Supremacy (1534) confirmed the break from Rome, declaring Henry to be the Supreme Head of the Church of England.
  2. German States and Other countries desire for Reformation
    1. While some states were attracted by the teachings of Lutheran, other states used this new religion to reduce the power and influence of the Catholic Church in their lands
      1. Confiscating Church lands: farms, monasteries, shrines owned by the Church
      2. Taxing Clergy
      3. Simpler religion, removal of elaborate ceremonies and practices
  3. Characteristics:
    1. Salvation is through scripture and faith
    2. Authority is in the Bible alone
    3. There is no Protestant Church, believers are not fixed in a place or person
3. The Roman Catholic Church had significant power and influence over France, Spain, German City-States, England, Italian City-States, and other nations. The center of its power was in Rome within the Papal States.
4. Characteristics:
  1. Some agency for individuals in determining their own fate
    1. The requirements for place in heaven is based upon the "good" they do as well as following the bible and Church doctrines
      1. Monastic and Clerical life is superior to secular
        The Church is a hierarchical institution headed by the Pope
  2. Clerics
    1. Clerics neglected rule of celibacy, gambled and indulged in fancy dress
      1. They are exempt from civil responsibilities such as paying taxes and military involvement
    2. Absenteeism: hardly visited communities to perform spiritual duties.
      1. Pluralism: a practice where bishops and higher Clerics held offices called benefices which were operated by local priests
        Collected large portion of revenues for themselves
  3. Held large amounts of terriroty
Printing Press
1. Invented by Johannes Gutenberg in 1448. The written documents of Luther and Calvin could then be read by a much larger audience. Even though the Catholic Church was able to take advantage of this as well, censorship was significantly more difficult.
Culmination of grievances with the Catholic Church lead to the formation of Protestant branches

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Protestant Reformation

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