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Energy and ATP
- Structure of ATP
- Phosphorylated molecule
- Adenine - A nitrogen-containing
organic base
- Ribose - A sugar molecule with
5-carbon ring structure that acts as
the backbone to the other parts
- Phosphates -
A chain of
three
phosphate
groups
- Phosphorylated molecule
- How ATP stores energy
- Bonds between the 3
phosphate groups are unstable
and have a low activation
energy therefore easily broken
- When they break a lot of
energy is released
- ATP + H2O --> ADP + Pi + E
- Adenine Triphosphate +
Water --> Adenine
Diphosphate + Inorganic
Phosphate + Energy
- Adenine Triphosphate +
Water --> Adenine
Diphosphate + Inorganic
Phosphate + Energy
- ATP + H2O --> ADP + Pi + E
- When they break a lot of
energy is released
- Bonds between the 3
phosphate groups are unstable
and have a low activation
energy therefore easily broken
- Synthesis of ATP
- Water is used to convert ATP to ADP
- This is a reversible reaction
and energy can be used to
add an inorganic phosphate
to ADP to re-form ATP
- This is a reversible reaction
and energy can be used to
add an inorganic phosphate
to ADP to re-form ATP
- Occurs in 3 ways
- In chlorophyll-containing plant
cells during photosynthesis
(photophosphorylation)
- In plant and animal
cells during
respiration (oxidative
phosphorylation)
- In plant and animal cells when
phosphate groups are transferred
from donor molecules to ADP
(substrate-level phosphorylation)
- In chlorophyll-containing plant
cells during photosynthesis
(photophosphorylation)
- Water is used to convert ATP to ADP
- Roles of ATP
- The immediate energy
source of a cell
- Don't store large
quantities of ATP, only
a few seconds supply
- Don't store large
quantities of ATP, only
a few seconds supply
- Better than glucose as an
immediate energy source
- ATP releases less
energy and quantities
are more manageable
- Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is a
single reaction and glucose is a
long series of reactions
- Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is a
single reaction and glucose is a
long series of reactions
- ATP releases less
energy and quantities
are more manageable
- Cannot be stored so is continuously made
in the mitochondria e.g muscle fibres
which require energy for movement
- Used in energy-requiring processes in cells
- Metabolic processes - for building up
macromolecules from basic units
- Active transport - to change shape of
carrier proteins in plasma membranes
for molecules/ions to be moved
against a concentration gradient
- Activation of molecules - inorganic phosphate can
be used to phosphorylate other compounds to
make them more reactive, lowering the activation
energy in enzyme-catalysed reactions
- Secretion - form lysosomes for the secretion of cell products
- Movement - provides energy for muscle contraction,
for filaments of muscle to slide past one another and
shorten the length of a muscle fibre
- Movement - provides energy for muscle contraction,
for filaments of muscle to slide past one another and
shorten the length of a muscle fibre
- Secretion - form lysosomes for the secretion of cell products
- Activation of molecules - inorganic phosphate can
be used to phosphorylate other compounds to
make them more reactive, lowering the activation
energy in enzyme-catalysed reactions
- Active transport - to change shape of
carrier proteins in plasma membranes
for molecules/ions to be moved
against a concentration gradient
- Metabolic processes - for building up
macromolecules from basic units
- The immediate energy
source of a cell
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