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Beschreibung
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Socialism- Core themes-No man is an Island
- Preview
- Humanity
- Social Egalitarianism (
a theory or practice
based on the desire to
promote
equality;egalitarianism
is sometimes seen as
the belief that equality is
the primary political
value) characterised by a
belief in social equality /
equality of outcome
Anmerkungen:
- Social equality upholds justice/fairness. Capitalism has fostered competitive social behavior, human inequality largely reflects the unequal structure of society-not all people are identical. The most significant forms of human inequality are a result of unequal treatment by society, rather than unequal endowment by nature Justice demands that people are treated equally by society in terms of rewards/ material circumstance. Formal equality in a legal and political sense, is clearly inadequate in itself becuase it disregards the structured inequalities by perpetuating the myth of innate inequality
- Social equality upholds
justice/fairness. Capitalism has
fostered competitive social behavior,
human inequality largely reflects the
unequal structure of society-not all
people are identical. The most
significant forms of human inequality
are a result of unequal treatment by
society, rather than unequal
endowment by nature.
- Justice demands that people are treated
equally by society in terms of rewards/
material circumstance. Formal equality in a
legal and political sense, is clearly
inadequate in itself becuase it disregards
the structured inequalities by perpetuating
the myth of innate inequality
- Social equality underpins community
and co-operation- equal social
circumstances-more likely to identify
with one another and work together for
common benefit-equal outcomes
strengthen circumstances- a
criticism of 'survival of the fittest'
- Need for satisfaction is the
basis for human fulfillment and
self-realization. A need is a
necessity-demand satisfaction
is the stuff of freedom. Marx
communist theory of
distribution- 'from each
according to his ability, to each
according to his needs'. All
people have broadly simlar
needs, distributing wealth on
the basis of need-satisfaction
has clearly egalitarian
implications. Some things are
needed by humans so they are
able to relise their
potential-food sheter work ,
education
- Need for satisfaction is the
basis for human fulfillment and
self-realization. A need is a
necessity-demand satisfaction
is the stuff of freedom. Marx
communist theory of
distribution- 'from each
according to his ability, to each
according to his needs'. All
people have broadly simlar
needs, distributing wealth on
the basis of need-satisfaction
has clearly egalitarian
implications. Some things are
needed by humans so they are
able to relise their
potential-food sheter work ,
education
- Social equality underpins community
and co-operation- equal social
circumstances-more likely to identify
with one another and work together for
common benefit-equal outcomes
strengthen circumstances- a
criticism of 'survival of the fittest'
- Justice demands that people are treated
equally by society in terms of rewards/
material circumstance. Formal equality in a
legal and political sense, is clearly
inadequate in itself becuase it disregards
the structured inequalities by perpetuating
the myth of innate inequality
- More important than
individual freedom.
All freedom comes
from equality.
Eqalitarianism is
the desire to promote equality
- Pomotes community and
social cohesion. Reduces
greed competition ad envy.
People able to identify with
each other-more likely to
work together
- Pomotes community and
social cohesion. Reduces
greed competition ad envy.
People able to identify with
each other-more likely to
work together
- Different socialist would go to
different lengths to ensure equality
- Absolute equality-Marxism
- Individuals recieve some rewards
as long as they work to the best
of their ability. Marx- 'from each
according to his ability, to each
according to his needs'. The
ultimate goal for marxist/
communists- Utopain
- Equality of
Outcome-Democratic
Socialist
- Rewards based on contribution but significant narrowing
of gap between highly pain and poorly paid. Major
redistribution of wealth-'Robin Hood taxes'
- Equality of Opportunity-Social Democrats
- All entitle to aspire and achieve our potential, Positive steps should be taken to
ensure there are no barrier to people making best of their ability.-gender,
sexuality, Race, Poverty-equality of welfare. Rawls. Inequality between humans is
no 'natural'.
- All entitle to aspire and achieve our potential, Positive steps should be taken to
ensure there are no barrier to people making best of their ability.-gender,
sexuality, Race, Poverty-equality of welfare. Rawls. Inequality between humans is
no 'natural'.
- Equality of Opportunity-Social Democrats
- Rewards based on contribution but significant narrowing
of gap between highly pain and poorly paid. Major
redistribution of wealth-'Robin Hood taxes'
- Equality of
Outcome-Democratic
Socialist
- Individuals recieve some rewards
as long as they work to the best
of their ability. Marx- 'from each
according to his ability, to each
according to his needs'. The
ultimate goal for marxist/
communists- Utopain
- Absolute equality-Marxism
- Social Egalitarianism (
a theory or practice
based on the desire to
promote
equality;egalitarianism
is sometimes seen as
the belief that equality is
the primary political
value) characterised by a
belief in social equality /
equality of outcome
- Community
- Unifying vision of human beings as social
creation, capable of ovecoming social and
economic problems by drawing on the
powers of the community rather than
simply individual effort .Collectivist
stresses the capacity of humans beings
for collective action , willingness and ability
to pursue goals by working together , as
opposed to striving for self-interest. John
Donne 'No man is an Island entrie of itself.
Human beins are therefore 'comrades'
brothers or sisters tied to one another by
the bonds of a common humanity,
- Unifying vision of human beings as social
creation, capable of ovecoming social and
economic problems by drawing on the
powers of the community rather than
simply individual effort .Collectivist
stresses the capacity of humans beings
for collective action , willingness and ability
to pursue goals by working together , as
opposed to striving for self-interest. John
Donne 'No man is an Island entrie of itself.
Human beins are therefore 'comrades'
brothers or sisters tied to one another by
the bonds of a common humanity,
- Fraternity
- Literally
brotherhood; bonds
of sympathy and
comradeship
between and
amongst human
beings. Humans are
not unchanging ad
fixed at birth, human
nature is malleable or
plastic shaped by the
experiences and
circumstances of
social life. Nurture
rather than nature
- Literally
brotherhood; bonds
of sympathy and
comradeship
between and
amongst human
beings. Humans are
not unchanging ad
fixed at birth, human
nature is malleable or
plastic shaped by the
experiences and
circumstances of
social life. Nurture
rather than nature
- Co-operation
- Working together-collective effort intended to acheive mutual benefit. Human
beings are social animals, natural relationships amongst them is one of
co-operation not competition. Competitions pits one individuals against the
other , encouraging them to deny or ignore their social nature rather than
embrace it, Co-operation makes moral and economic sense. Individuals who
works together rather than against each other develop bonds of sympathy
caring and affection . Energies of the community rather than those of the
single individual can be harnessed-Peter Kropotkin-principle reason for which
humans have survived and prospered wwas because of its capacity for
mutual aid'. Humans can be motivated by moral incentives and not merely my
material incentives.
- In theory, capitalism rewards individuals for the work they do: the
harder they work, or more abundant their skills, the greater their
rewards will be. The moral incentive to work hard , however is the
desire to contribute to the common good, develops out of sympathy or
sense of responsibility for fellow human beings, especially those in
need.
- Modern Social Democrats could contemplate the
outright abolition of material incentives , they
nevertheless insist on the need for the balance of
some kind between material and moral incentives.
E.G Socialists would argue that an important
incentive for achieving economic growth is that it
helps finance the provision of welfare support for
the poorest and most vulnerable elements of
society
- IN PRACTICE-the socialist commitment
to co-operation has stimulated the
growth od co-operative enterprises ,
designed to replace the competitive and
hierarchic business that have
proliferated under capitalism. In the UK
co-operative societies sprang up in the
early nineteenth century-the Rochdale
pioneers
- In theory, capitalism rewards individuals for the work they do: the
harder they work, or more abundant their skills, the greater their
rewards will be. The moral incentive to work hard , however is the
desire to contribute to the common good, develops out of sympathy or
sense of responsibility for fellow human beings, especially those in
need.
- Working together-collective effort intended to acheive mutual benefit. Human
beings are social animals, natural relationships amongst them is one of
co-operation not competition. Competitions pits one individuals against the
other , encouraging them to deny or ignore their social nature rather than
embrace it, Co-operation makes moral and economic sense. Individuals who
works together rather than against each other develop bonds of sympathy
caring and affection . Energies of the community rather than those of the
single individual can be harnessed-Peter Kropotkin-principle reason for which
humans have survived and prospered wwas because of its capacity for
mutual aid'. Humans can be motivated by moral incentives and not merely my
material incentives.
- Collectivism
- Individuals-inferior to the group or
community. Problems of society/
economy are best solved collectivley.
Competition is wasteful. Collective
co-opertion is a more meaningful
possibility. It is based on the belief that
humans are social beings and are
therefor more willing to be co-operative
than selfishly selfinterested
- Individuals-inferior to the group or
community. Problems of society/
economy are best solved collectivley.
Competition is wasteful. Collective
co-opertion is a more meaningful
possibility. It is based on the belief that
humans are social beings and are
therefor more willing to be co-operative
than selfishly selfinterested
- Common Ownership
- Rousseau. Private property is unjust. The private ownership of land results in inequality. Key thinker Proudhon (1806-65) 'all property is theft' as people own the industries.
Justification-Religious-God gave the earh to everyone. By having property you are depriving some oneelse of it = Gives rise to inequality and the have and the have not's.
- Rousseau. Private property is unjust. The private ownership of land results in inequality. Key thinker Proudhon (1806-65) 'all property is theft' as people own the industries.
Justification-Religious-God gave the earh to everyone. By having property you are depriving some oneelse of it = Gives rise to inequality and the have and the have not's.
- Equality
- Defining feature of socialist ideology,
equality is the defining feature of
socialist ideology, that political value
that most clearly distinguishes
socialism, Socialist egalitarianism is
characterized by a belief in social
equality or equality of outcome.
Socialists have advance three
arguments in favour of this form of
equality
- Social Equality upholds justice or
fairness. The inequality of wealth
is not explained by the differences
of ability among individuals. Just
as capitalism has fostered
competitive and selfish behaviour ,
human inequality reflects the
unequal structure of society. Don't
believe that all are born identical.
An egalitarian society would not
be one in which all are rewarded
equally regardless of ability or
effort. Socialists believe that the
most significant forms of human
inequality are the result of unequal
treatment by society rather than
unequal endowment by nature
- Justice from a socialist
perspective , therefore
demands that people
are treated equally or
more equally by society
in terms of their rewards
and material
circumstances. Formal
equality in its legal and
political senses is
clearly inadequate in
itself because it
disregards the structural
inequalities of the
capitalist system.
Equality of opportunity
legitimizes inequality by
perpetuating the myth of
innate inequality
- Justice from a socialist
perspective , therefore
demands that people
are treated equally or
more equally by society
in terms of their rewards
and material
circumstances. Formal
equality in its legal and
political senses is
clearly inadequate in
itself because it
disregards the structural
inequalities of the
capitalist system.
Equality of opportunity
legitimizes inequality by
perpetuating the myth of
innate inequality
- SOCIAL EQUALITY UNDERPINS COMMUNITY
AND COOPERATION. If people live in equal social
circumstance=more likely to identify with one
another and work together for common benefit.
Equal outcomes threaten social solidarity. Social
inequality lead to conflict an instability, therefore
socialists have criticized equality of opportunity for
breeding a 'survival of the fittest' mentality. R. H
Tawney dismissed it as 'tadpole philosophy',
highlighting the struggle for survival amongst
tadpoles as they develop into frogs.
- Socialists support social equality
because they hold that need
-satisfaction is the basis of human
fulfilment and self realization. A
'need' demands 'satisfaction', .
Basic needs e.g water, food,
shelter , companionship... are
fundamental to the human
condition, which means for
socialists their satisfaction is the
very stuff of freedom. Marx: 'From
each to his ability, to each
according to his needs'. Since all
people have broadly similar needs ,
distrinbutin wealth on the basis of
need-satisfaction has clearly
eqalitarian implication
- Social Equality upholds justice or
fairness. The inequality of wealth
is not explained by the differences
of ability among individuals. Just
as capitalism has fostered
competitive and selfish behaviour ,
human inequality reflects the
unequal structure of society. Don't
believe that all are born identical.
An egalitarian society would not
be one in which all are rewarded
equally regardless of ability or
effort. Socialists believe that the
most significant forms of human
inequality are the result of unequal
treatment by society rather than
unequal endowment by nature
- EGALITARIANISM; A theory or
practice based on the desire to
promote equality , egalitarianism
is sometimes seen as the beleif
that equality is the primaty political
value
- Although socialist agree about the virtue
of social and economic equality, they
disagree about the extent to which this
can and should be brought
- MARXIST AND COMMUNISTD believe that
absolute social equality , brought about by the
abolition of private property and
COLLECTIVIZATION of productive wealth
- SOCIAL DEMOCRATS-relative social equality , achived through the
redistribution of wealth throughout the welfare state and a system of
progressive taxation. The social democrat desire to tame capitalism
rather than abolish it , reflects an acceptance of a continuingrole for
material incentives, and the fact that the significance of
need-satisfaction is largely confined to the eradication of poverty. This
blurs the distinction between social equality and equality of
opportunity
- MARXIST AND COMMUNISTD believe that
absolute social equality , brought about by the
abolition of private property and
COLLECTIVIZATION of productive wealth
- Defining feature of socialist ideology,
equality is the defining feature of
socialist ideology, that political value
that most clearly distinguishes
socialism, Socialist egalitarianism is
characterized by a belief in social
equality or equality of outcome.
Socialists have advance three
arguments in favour of this form of
equality
- Common Ownership
- Class Politics
- SOCIAL CLASS-A
social diviision based
on economic or social
factors; a social class
is a group of people who
share a similar
socio-economic
position
- Enter text here
- SOCIAL CLASS-A
social diviision based
on economic or social
factors; a social class
is a group of people who
share a similar
socio-economic
position
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