Psychological Explanations of SZ

Family Systems Theory
1. SZs cannot be understood in isolation. Part of fam/ system of interconnected indiv/s.
2. Bateson (1956) - Double Bind - 2/more conflicting messages, contradict each other. Automatically wrong whatever response.
  1. Inconclusive Evidence: Berger (1965) - SZs reported higher recall DB statements by mothers/ non-SZs.
  2. Hall and Levin (1980) - analysed data - previous studies - no diff/ fams/ w/ SZ fam/ member in DBs obs/d.
3. Leads to types of SZ beh/ depending on how dealt with DB. e.g. excessively suspicious + hidden meanings (paranoia). Ignore surroundings (catatonia). Accept everything face value = react emotionally inappropriate.
4. DB not clear - ev/ - neg/ fam/ envir/ (high Expressed Emotion (EE)) = role in onset.
  1. Prospective Studies: monitor children period of yrs - who develops SZ. Israeli High Risk Study (Marcus 1987) - high risk children - 1 parent SZ. = more likely fam/s w/ neg/ relationships. None w/ good parenting got SZ.
  2. Correlational: EE causes SZ or...Ev/ - high EE = response to SZ. High EE = less common in fams/ 1st-episode SZs / frequent readmissions suggesting...
Frith's Attention Deficit Model
1. SZ = faulty attention system. Cannot distinguish - thought originate within selves/external envir/.
2. Filter - Conscious/preconscious levels of cog/ processing. Preconscious (occurs w/out awareness) = huge quant/s info from sense (normally filtered) = small amount enter conscious thought.
3. Filter breaks down = info into conscious = misinterpreted, seen as imp/ to act on = delusions.
4. Wrongly interpret preconscious non-speech sounds as speech = seep into consciousness = voices = auditory hallucionations.
5. Attention probs/ - difficult focusing period time = impression of disordered thought.
6. Faulty filter = disruption neural pathways connecting hippocampus to pre-frontal cortex - faulty regulation dopamine in brain.
7. Numerous studies = SZs perform poorly info processing tasks - reaction time, visual tracking, short-term memory.
8. Brain Activity: reduced cerebral blood flow in neural pathways connecting hippo/ to pre-f/ (indicating reduced brain act/) when SZs cog/ tasks.
9. Prediction - SZs difficulty doing tasks w/ focused attention. McKenna (1994) - not easier to distract/ normal ppl when cog/ tasks. Challenges idea.
10. Account of Symptoms: more description of symptoms than explanation of causes.
Diathesis Stress Model: complexity - unlikely single cause. interactive approach. Zubin + Spring (1977) - bio/ or genetic weakness = unable process info normally. + disrupted fam/ communications. Treatment should combine.

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Psychological Explanations of SZ

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