RS: Christianity & Ethics

The right to life
1. Sanctity of life: life is sacred because it is God-given
2. "All human life is sacred" Pope Paul VI Humanae Vitae
3. "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights." The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1
4. Abortion: the deliberate termination (ending) of a pregnancy, usually before the foetus is twenty-four weeks old.
  1. 2 doctors must agree
  2. point of viability must be reached (24 weeks)
  3. Serious harm to mother or baby is otherwise inevitable.
  4. alternatives
    1. adoption
    2. acceptance of the single mother
    3. temporarily implementing foster carers
    4. social and financial support
    5. counselling for all involved
5. "Before I was born the Lord called me" Isiah 49:1
6. "Before I formed you in the womb I knew you, before you were born I set you apart" Jeremiah 1:5
7. Pro-choice: slogan used for the view that women should have the right to chose whether or not to have an abortion
  1. mental health incapabilities
  2. poverty an financial incapability
  3. rise in backstreet abortions
  4. serious harm to mother or baby
  5. freedom of will
8. Pro-life: slogan used for the view that supports the right to life of the foetus
  1. "you shall not murder" exodus 20:13
  2. human life is sacred
  3. from the moment of conception it is a human being
  4. there is no definite time of validation
  5. the embryo can feel pain
  6. personal and emotional distress after an abortion
9. "Because every foetus has significance, the abortion decision must neither be taken lightly nor made under duress" The Methodist Council of Great Britain
10. "This choice is personal; the law does not impose abortion on anyone who does not want one or want to perform one. " British Humanist Association, A Humanist discussion about Abortion 2007
11. Euthanasia: inducing a painless death, with compassion, to ease suffering. From the greek meaning 'Good Death'. Some Christians believe it is 'mercy killing' while others see it as taking a life.
12. Quality of life: a measure of fulfilment
13. Voluntary euthanasia: when a terminally ill person asks a doctor or a friend to help them die peacefully and with dignity. It can be called 'mercy killing' or 'assisted suicide'
14. "Intentional euthanasia, whatever its forms or motives, is murder. It is gravely contrary to the dignity of the human person and to the respect due to the living God, his creator." Catechism 2324
  1. 'playing God'
15. "The salvation Army believes that euthanasia and assisted suicide undermine human dignity" The Salvation Army
  1. murder
16. "There is a real possibility that terminally ill people may feel pressured to ask for an early death to avoid feeling a burden to their family or the health system." Church of England
  1. mental assessment?
17. Active Euthanasia: the ending of a life by a deliberate action
  1. injection
  2. give pills
18. Passive Euthanasia: allowing a terminally ill or incurably ill person to die by withdrawing or withholding medical treatment that would only prolong the suffering and have no real benefit.
  1. withdrawing food & water
  2. turning off life support machine
  3. not giving medical treatment
19. "Whose life is it anyway?" Sue Rodrigues
20. Hospices: special places to which people go to die with dignity
  1. Dame Cicely Saunders
  2. 1967- Hospice movement
  3. emphasises compassionate care with expert pain relief
  4. emphasises healing, if not physically then spiritually
  5. emphasises valuing the person and every moment of their life
The use of medical technology
1. Artificial insemination (AI): sperm medically inserted into the vagina to assist pregnancy
  1. Artificial insemination by donor (AID): Artificial insemination using a donor's sperm
  2. Artificial insemination by husband (AIH): Artificial insemination using the husband's sperm
2. "Be fruitful and increase in number" Genesis 1:28
3. In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF): sperm and egg joined in test-tube or petri dish, then inserted into the womb.
  1. otherwise known as test-tube babies (TTB)
4. Surrogacy: a form of fertility treatment in which a woman's egg is fertilised artificially by another woman's partner or an embryo from another couple is created through IVF and then implanted into the 'host' woman. The woman carries the baby throughout the pregnancy and gives it to the couple after birth
  1. surrogate mother: a woman who has a baby for another woman
5. cloning: the scientific method by which animals or plants can be created which have exactly the same genetic make-up as the original, because the DNA of the original has been used
  1. reproductive cloning: the use of cloning techniques to produce a baby
  2. therapeutic cloning: another term for stem cell cloning
6. Embryo: fertilised ovum at about 12-14 days when implanted into the wall of the womb
7. Designer babies: babies with gender and characteristics chosen by their parents
  1. "Right from the start, this child did not have the right to its own birth" Josephine Quintavalle, anti-abortion campaigner
Personal responsibility
1. Human sexuality: how people express themselves as sexual beings
2. Age of consent: the legal age for sex to be treated as an agreement (currently 16 in the UK)
3. Heterosexual: to be attracted to a person of the opposite sex
4. Homosexual: to be attracted to a person of the same sex
  1. do not lie with a man as one lies with a woman; that is detestable" leviticus 18:22
5. Chastity: sexual purity. not having sex before marriage
6. sex outside marriage: sex between people who are not married, includes adultery, sex before marriage or casual sex.
  1. "you shall not commit adultery" Genesis 20:14
7. contraception: `the artificial and chemical methods used to prevent pregnancy taking place
  1. the morning after pill
  2. condoms & femidoms
  3. the contraceptive pill
  4. the coil
  5. injection
  6. testosterone supplements
8. drugs
  1. stimulant
    1. caffeine
    2. tobacco
  2. depressant
    1. alchohol
    2. solvents
  3. analgesics
    1. heroin
    2. opium
  4. hallucinogens
    1. LSD
    2. cannabis
  5. types of use
    1. experimentation
      1. trying it out once or twice.
    2. casual
      1. when it is easily available
    3. dependant, problematic and chaotic use
      1. life becomes focussed on the drug and when they will get the next fix
    4. recreational
      1. parties!
    5. regular
      1. on most days
9. "avoid every kind of evil" 1 Thessalonians 5:22
Social responsibility
1. Marriage: a legal union between a man and a woman.
  1. "Love is as strong as death" song of songs 8:6
  2. welcome
    1. declaration
      1. vows
        exchange of rings
        proclamations
        prayers
        readings
        signing of the register
2. Marriage ceremony: the ceremony in which a man and a woman marry.
3. Cohabitation: a couple living together and having a sexual relationship without being married to one another
  1. sinful
  2. "marriage is central to the stability and health of human society"
4. Civil partnership: legal registration and recognition of a same-sex partnership
  1. same-sex marriage in the UK became legal in 2014
5. Marital breakdown: when a husband and wife no longer get on with each other, leading to the end of the marriage by divorce or separation
  1. loss of early romance
  2. immaturity
  3. substance abuse
  4. domestic violence
  5. infertility
  6. children
    1. death
    2. infertility
    3. finance
  7. finances/employment
  8. ill health
  9. "marriage provides the proper context for sexual relationships and the bringing up of children… around which other relationships grow" church of england
6. Divorce: legal ending of a marriage
7. Remarriage: when people who have been married before marry again
8. Prejudice: unfairly judging someone before the facts are known
  1. sex
  2. sexuality
  3. race
  4. religion
  5. disability
9. Discrimination: to act on your prejudices.
  1. inequality
  2. ignorance
10. Samaritans: a group of people in biblical times considered by some jews to have abandoned the jewish faith through marrying foreigners and taking on foreign religious beliefs.
  1. what it means to be a follower of the Lord
  2. "love thy neighbour"
  3. being a christian demands action, not just beliefs
  4. become involved
11. Desmonnd Tutu
  1. Oct 7 1931
  2. opponent of apartheid government in South Africa in 80s
  3. Nobel peace prize 1984
  4. Gandhi peace prize 2007
  5. "we are the rainbow people of God. we are unstoppable" 1993
Global concerns
1. stewardship: the belief that believers have a duty to look after the environment on behalf of God
2. Pollution: the contamination of something, especially the environment
3. Natural resources: resources that are part of the environment
4. Natural habitats: the places where species of plants or animals live in the wild
5. Climate change: changes to the climate, believed by some scientists to be irreparably damaging, that have been caused by human lifestyles
6. recycling: reusing materials in the interests of environmental conservation
7. Earth summits: meetings of international leaders aimed at reaching an agreement that will reduce environmental pollution and climate change
8. justice: bringing about what is right and fair, according to the law or making up a wrong that has been committed
9. Less economically developed country (LEDC): a phrase used in place of 'third world countries' or 'developing nation'
10. World poverty: the idea that the majority of the world's population actually live in conditions of extreme need or hardship
11. Charity: (i) voluntarily giving help to those in need (ii) an organisation set up to help those in need (iii) christian love for the needy
  1. Tearfund
  2. CAFOD
  3. Christian aid
  4. Trocaire
12. Aid: to help or assist people in need usually by practical assistance and gifts
13. CAFOD (Catholic Fund for Overseas Development): charity establishment by the Bishops of England and Wales to bring aid to Less Economically Developed Countries
14. Emergancy Aid: also known as short-term aid. Help given to communities in a time of disaster crisis
15. Long-term aid: helping people to help themselves by providing the tools, education and funding for projects
Conflict
1. just war: a war that christians define as acceptable
  1. last resort
  2. serious threat
  3. chance of success
  4. weapons used proportionally
  5. ultimate goal: restoration of peace
2. Pacifism: the belief that it is unacceptable to take part in war and any other form of violence
  1. "blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called sons of God" matthew 5:9
  2. "'put your sword back in its place' Jesus said to him 'for all who draw the sword will die by the sword'" matthew 26:52
3. Quaker: member of the Society of Friends, a tradition that does not have ministers or a written statement of beliefs
4. Terrorism: when groups use violence, or the threat of violence, to achieve their aims, rather than using a democratic process.
  1. violent
  2. intended to create fear through psychological impact
  3. deliberately targeted at civilians
5. Nuclear war: a war in which the participants use nuclear weapons
6. Nuclear proliferation: the increase in the number of states that have the potential to use nuclear weapons
  1. "mankind must put an end to war before war puts an end to mankind" John F Kennedy
  2. "there is no ethical justification for the weapons of mass destruction- christian, muslim, jewish or humanist- no more for the suicide bomber" `Canon Dr Paul Oestreicher - Church of england
7. crime: breaking the law
8. Retribution: to 'get your own back' on the criminal, based on the Old Testament teaching of "an eye for an eye". An aim of punishment aimed at being proportionate to the offence committed
9. Reform: to change someone's behaviour for the better. An aim of punishment.
10. Deterrence: to put people off committing further crimes. one of the aims of punishment
11. Protection: to stop the criminal hurting anyone in society. an aim of punishment
12. "No-one is totally defined by their sins and failures." church of england
13. offender: someone who has done wrong
14. capital punishment: form of punishment in which a prisoner is put to death for the crimes committed
  1. 'fits the crime' if you kill a killer, you should also be killed
  2. contradicts human right to life
  3. is life imprisonment more or less humane than execution

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