Nazi Germany

Weimar Germany
1. The governments of Germany between 1919 and Hitler taking power in 1933.
2. Basically everyone hated them.
3. Blamed for Treaty of Versailles. And, you know, everything else.
4. Groups tried to take power, like the Spartacist's and the Freikorp. Yeah, they all failed at doing that.
5. Hyperinflation
  1. German government had no money to pay the reparations, so they printed more. HOW DID THAT WORK OUT FOR YOU, GERMANY?!
  2. Value of money went DOWN, and prices went UP. BAAAAAD!
  3. People ended up trading their possessions for stuff they needed.
6. Munich Putsch
  1. Hitler planned to seize power in Munich, where the Nazis had a lot of support.
  2. Hitler marched into Munich, expecting to receive help. He was betrayed and the police were alerted. 16 Nazis and 3 Policemen were killed. Hitler escaped in a car but he was arrested 2 days later.
  3. It was after he was arrested that Hitler wrote the infamous 'Mein Kampf'
    1. In prison, he re-thought his plans.
      1. Used his trial as publicity.
  4. ...this didn't turn out so well. But it sure showed Germany what the Nazis and Hitler were capable of.
Treaty of Versailles
1. Given to Germany after WWI
2. Germany's Punishments
  1. No German troops allowed in Rhineland
  2. Lost overseas colonies
  3. No airforce
  4. Army and Navy limited
  5. 10% industry and 15% farming land taken from them
  6. Made to pay Reparations, a total of £66 Million for damages.
  7. Lost a total of 13% land
  8. Blamed for war.
Led by this guy right here:
1. Everyone would have liked to lock him in a cupboard.
2. Angry at EVERYONE.
3. Hitler's Henchmen
  1. Josef Goebbels
  2. Hermann Goering
  3. Rudolf Hess
  4. Heinrich Himmler
  5. Ernst Rohm
4. He became Chancellor of Germany in 1933.
The Political Spectrum: Ideologies
Dawes/Young Plan
1. Germany owed money to USA, GB and France. Unable to pay.
2. USA loaned Germany money so that they could rebuild industry and country (80 mill. marks)
  1. Money generated used to repay debts.
3. Reparations reduced by 75% (Young Plan)
The Great Depression
1. Whole world affected by the Wall Street Crash in 1929, but Germany was badly affected from 1929 to 1933.
  1. Weimar couldn't deal with it and became unpopular again. Basically they suck okay.
  2. Unemployment up to 6 million in 1932.
  3. Businesses closed, incomes fell
  4. 40% of all factory workers unemployed by 1932
  5. In 1933 over half of all Germans between the ages of 16 and 30 were unemployed.
SS
1. Hitler's personal bodyguard.
2. "Blackshirts"
3. Led by Himmler
4. Elite and well disciplined.
5. Later ran the camps and fought in WW2.
6. SA
  1. Nazi private army.
  2. "Brownshirts/Stormtroopers"
  3. Led by Rohm
  4. Intimidated + beat up Nazi opponents.
  5. Disorderly + Badly Disciplined
How did they get people to vote?
1. Propaganda
  1. Speeches, Posters, Radio adverts, election posters.
2. 'Superman Hitler'
  1. His physical appearance adapted on posters
  2. Amazing speeches
  3. Never wore reading glasses in public
3. Promises
  1. Promises to everyone.
  2. Vague promises to 'make Germany great again'
Steps in the Nazi rise to power
1. Hitler becomes Chancellor (Jan 1933)
  1. Reichstag Fire (Feb 1933)
    1. 1933 Election (March)
      1. Banned Communists
        The Enabling Act (March 1933)
        Hindenburg died (August 1934)
        Hitler became a Dictator
The Gestapo
1. Commanded by Himmler. They tapped phones, intercepted mail and spied on people.
2. Large network throughout Germany.
3. One comment against the Nazis was enough to get you arrested.
4. Most feared group by Nazi opponents
Education and Indoctrination
1. Children were 'indoctrinated' with Nazi ideas.
2. Leadership Schools
  1. Best children sent to 'Napolas' (National Political Institutes of Education), controlled by the SS to educate future chiefs for the government and Army
  2. Future political leaders prepared in 'Adolf Hitler Schools'. These provided a military-style education.
3. Jews
  1. Nazi teachers and other students bullied Jewish children
  2. Jews made to feel left out
  3. Teachers had to be members of the Nazi Teachers organisation or they would lose their jobs. MOST teachers who were not Nazis resigned and were replaced.
4. Banned most youth groups in 1933.
5. After 1936, membership of the Hitler Youth was compulsory, apart from Jewish people.
Persecution of the Jews over time
1. 1933-34 ~ disorganised persecution
  1. April '33 - Official one day boycott of Jewish shops, lawyers and doctors all over Germany.
  2. Anti Jewish propaganda increased.
2. 1935 ~ Organised persecution
  1. Jews forbidden to join army.
  2. Marriages between Jews and Aryans banned
  3. Forbade them to have sexual relations outside marriage.
  4. Reich citizenship Law - Made Jews 'subjects' rather than citizens, i.e. they lost certain rights.
3. 1936 - Break in persecution because of the Berlin Olympics
4. 1937 - Serious Persecution
  1. For the first time in two years Hitler made an attack on the Jews. More Jewish businesses were confiscated
5. 1938 - Serious Persecution
  1. Jews had to register their property, making it easier to confiscate.
  2. Jewish Doctors, dentists and lawyers were forbidden to treat Aryans.
  3. Jews had to have a red letter 'J' stamped on their passports.
  4. Kristallnacht - Nazis destroyed Jewish synagogues, homes and shops.
  5. Jewish pupils only allowed to attend Jewish schools.
6. 1939 - Serious Persecution
  1. All Jews had to add new first names - Sarah for women, Israel for Men.
7. Kristallnacht
  1. "Crystal Night" or "Night of Broken Glass"
  2. German diplomat called Ernst Von Rath murdered in Paris by a Jewish man
  3. Happened on 9-10th November 1938
  4. Spontaneous, or planned?
  5. Hitler Youth involved - said to be only ones in Uniform.
  6. No policemen.
8. The Final Solution (1943 - 45)
  1. Concentration Camps
Young people opposing the Nazis
1. The Swing Youth
2. White Rose
3. Edelweiss Pirates

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Nazi Germany

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