Patterns of Inheritance

Mutations
1. Mutagenic Agents
  1. PHYSICAL
    1. gamma rays
    2. x-rays
    3. UV light
  2. BIOLOGICAL
    1. viruses
    2. transposons
    3. food contaminants
    4. alcohol
  3. CHEMICAL
    1. reactive oxygen species
    2. nitrous acid
    3. mustard gas
    4. benzopyrene
    5. aromatic amines
2. Chromosome Mutations
  1. deletion
  2. polyploidy
  3. inversion
  4. translocation
  5. non-disjunction
  6. duplication
  7. aneuploidy
Sexual Reproduction
1. allele shuffling
2. metaphase/anaphase 2
  1. independent assortment
3. metaphase/anaphase 1
4. meiosis produces genetically different gametes
5. random fusion = more diversity
Environmental Factors
1. regional accent
2. scars
3. hair length
4. leaf colour
Foundation of Genetics
1. 1866 MENDEL
2. pea plants
3. unchanged generations were tested
4. quantitative records
Crosses
1. monohybrid crosses
  1. mendel crossed true breeding plants present in a homozygous
  2. F1 generation was left to self fertilise
  3. F2 generation had short and tall plants
2. punnett squares
  1. phenotypes can also be predicted
  2. genotypes for the next generation can be predicted
  3. represents all possible fertilisation events
3. test cross
  1. shows from unknown genotype
  2. recessive phenotype = heterozygous
  3. a simple way to test genotypes
Simultaneous Inheritance
1. shows the dominant phenotype if unknown
2. dihybrid crosses
3. alleles of two genes are independently inherited
4. one allele pair can combine with any other allele pair.
Predicting Ratios in the F2 Generation
1. colour = 3/4 vs 1/4
  1. shape = 3/4 vs 1/4
3. use a pungent square
4. Mendel made the predictions blind, unknowing about genetics
Multiple Alleles
1. human blood groups
2. coat colour in rabbits

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Patterns of Inheritance

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