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C3 Revision

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GCSE Chemistry Mindmap am C3 Revision, erstellt von Lauren Stokes am 09/04/2017.
Lauren Stokes
Mindmap von Lauren Stokes, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
Lauren Stokes
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource

C3 Revision
  1. Periodic Table
    1. Newlands
      1. Built on Dalton law of Octaves
        1. Every 8th element had similar properties
        2. Arranged elements by atomic mass
          1. Assumed all elements had been found
          2. Mendeleev
            1. Arranged elements by atomic mass
              1. Grouped elements with similar properties together
                1. Left gaps in the table for elements yet to be discovered
                  1. Predicted properties for those elements yet to be discovered
                  2. Modern Periodic Table
                    1. Metals/Non-Metals
                      1. Elements arranged by proton number
                        1. Arranged in groups
                          1. Number of electrons in the outer shell
                          2. Arranged in periods
                            1. Number of shells
                          3. Group 1- Alkali Metals
                            1. 1+ ion
                              1. Li, Na, K
                                1. Less dense than water
                                2. React with water
                                  1. Make H2
                                  2. Universal indicator
                                    1. Purple
                                    2. Down the group
                                      1. Lower melting/boiling point
                                      2. Stored in oil
                                        1. React with oxygen in air
                                        2. Reactiviity
                                          1. Increases down the group
                                            1. Due to larger atom
                                              1. Therefore outer electron is further away from +ve nucleus
                                                1. So it is easier to lose electrons due to shielding effect
                                                  1. Less electrostatic force
                                          2. Reactions
                                            1. React with Cl
                                              1. Make metal chlorides
                                                1. Soluble, white solids = ionic (colourless solutions)
                                                2. More vigorous as you go down the group
                                            2. Transition Metals (Compared to Group 1)
                                              1. Higher melting point
                                                1. Higher density
                                                  1. Stronger/Harder
                                                    1. Much less reactive
                                                      1. Good conductors
                                                        1. Used for catalysts
                                                          1. Ni > margarine
                                                          2. Form coloured compounds
                                                            1. CuSO4 > Blue
                                                            2. Ions with different charges
                                                              1. Slow to corrode
                                                              2. Group 7- Halogens
                                                                1. Non-Metals
                                                                  1. 1- ions
                                                                  2. Coloured vapours
                                                                    1. Diatomic molecules
                                                                      1. 2 atoms joined together
                                                                      2. Low melting/boiling points
                                                                        1. Gases & liquids
                                                                          1. Weak forces of attraction
                                                                          2. Covalently bonded
                                                                            1. Poor conductors
                                                                              1. Down the group
                                                                                1. Melting/Boiling point increases
                                                                                2. Reactivity
                                                                                  1. Decreases down the group
                                                                                    1. Due to larger atom
                                                                                      1. Therefore outer shell is further away from nucleus
                                                                                        1. So it is harder to gain electrons due to shielding effect
                                                                                          1. Less electrostatic force to attract
                                                                                  2. Halogen Displacement
                                                                                    1. A more reactive halogen will displace a less reactive one from a compound
                                                                                3. Water
                                                                                  1. Hard Water
                                                                                    1. Less lather
                                                                                      1. Contains Mg2+ & Ca2+ ions, dissolved when water passes through rocks
                                                                                        1. Scum
                                                                                          1. Produced when hard water reacts with soap
                                                                                            1. Castearate
                                                                                          2. Scale
                                                                                            1. Produced when hard water is heated
                                                                                              1. Basically limestone
                                                                                                1. Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)
                                                                                                2. Positives
                                                                                                  1. Ca good for bones/teeth
                                                                                                  2. Negatives
                                                                                                    1. Kettles fur up
                                                                                                      1. Less efficient
                                                                                                3. Formation of hard water
                                                                                                  1. Water flows over Gypsum (contains Ca2+ & Mg2+) , or over limestone (contains Ca2+)
                                                                                                    1. CO2 dissolved in rainwater (little acidic)
                                                                                                      1. Reacts with carbonate forming CaHCO3 (aq)
                                                                                                  2. Temporary Hard Water
                                                                                                    1. Removed by boiling water
                                                                                                      1. Contains dissolved CaHCO3
                                                                                                        1. When heated HCO3 splits into CO3 2+ , H2O & CO2
                                                                                                          1. CO3 2+ reacts with Ca2+ making scale
                                                                                                            1. Disadvantages
                                                                                                              1. Wastes energy
                                                                                                                1. Very expensive
                                                                                                              2. Permanent Hard Water
                                                                                                                1. CaSO4/MgSO4
                                                                                                                  1. Not removed by heat
                                                                                                                    1. But can still be softened
                                                                                                                  2. Why Soften?
                                                                                                                    1. Don't waste soap
                                                                                                                      1. Stop scum & scale formation
                                                                                                                        1. But hard water is better for your health
                                                                                                                        2. Removing Hard Water
                                                                                                                          1. Add sodium carbonte
                                                                                                                            1. Precipitates out the Ca & Mg ions to form insoluble carbonates
                                                                                                                            2. Fill with resin
                                                                                                                              1. Contains sodium/hydrogen ions
                                                                                                                                1. As the water is passed through the resin, the Na/H ions are exchanged with Ca/Mg ions
                                                                                                                                  1. Needs to be topped up with Na ions so NaCl is poured in to replenish
                                                                                                                                2. Water Treatment
                                                                                                                                  1. Makes Water safe to drink by removing solids and micro-organisms
                                                                                                                                    1. Water source > filter solids
                                                                                                                                      1. Sedimentation of small particles using aluminium sulphate
                                                                                                                                        1. Filter of Fine sand
                                                                                                                                          1. Chlorine > to disinfect
                                                                                                                                      2. Distillation > Pure water
                                                                                                                                        1. Heat to 100C
                                                                                                                                          1. Water vapour
                                                                                                                                            1. Condenses
                                                                                                                                              1. Turns back to H2O
                                                                                                                                        2. Silver > discourages bacterial growth on filter
                                                                                                                                          1. Carbon > reduces Cl levels in ion exchange resin
                                                                                                                                          2. Water Issues
                                                                                                                                            1. Chlorine
                                                                                                                                              1. Advantages
                                                                                                                                                1. Kills microbes in water
                                                                                                                                                2. Disadvantages
                                                                                                                                                  1. Cl compounds can form toxic compunds
                                                                                                                                                    1. Remove using filters
                                                                                                                                                3. Fluorine
                                                                                                                                                  1. Advantages
                                                                                                                                                    1. Protect teeth
                                                                                                                                                      1. Protect against heart disease
                                                                                                                                                        1. Added in small amounts
                                                                                                                                                        2. Disadvantages
                                                                                                                                                          1. Fluorosis
                                                                                                                                                            1. Teeth porous & stain
                                                                                                                                                            2. Weak bones
                                                                                                                                                              1. Ethically wrong
                                                                                                                                                                1. Can't set safe limits
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Associated with Alzheimers
                                                                                                                                                            3. Analysis & Synthesis
                                                                                                                                                              1. Positive Ions
                                                                                                                                                                1. Flame Tests
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Put Nichrome wire in H2SO4
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Wire in sample
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Wire in bunsen burner (Blue Flame)
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Barium > Apple Green Calcium > Brick Red Potassium > Lilac Lithium > Bright Red Sodium > Orange Copper > Blue/Green
                                                                                                                                                                    3. Colour Precipitates
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Add sodium hydroxide to your metal (in solution)
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Form a colour precipitate
                                                                                                                                                                          1. If white precipitate > add NaOH in excess
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Al3+ dissolves leaving Ca2+ & Mg2+
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Flame test to distingush
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Cu2+ > Blue Fe2+ > Green Fe3+ > Brown Al3+ > White Ca2+ > White Mg2+ > White
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Negative Ions
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Carbonates
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Add acid
                                                                                                                                                                            1. bubbles form
                                                                                                                                                                              1. If it turns cloudy (limewater) then it is a carbonate
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Sulphates
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Add HCl to remove any carbonate ions
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Add barium chloride
                                                                                                                                                                                1. White precipitate formed if it is a sulphate
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Halides
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Add Silver Nitrate & Nitric Acid
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Chloride > White Precipitate Bromide > Cream Precipitate Iodide > Yellow Precipitate
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Titrations
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Used to accurately determine how much alkali is need to react completely with a known volume of acid (or visa versa)
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. End Point
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. When acid base reaction is complete
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Method
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Wash Pipette (H2O & Alkali)
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Put known volume alkali into flask using pipette
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Add Indicator
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Wash Burette (H2O & Acid)
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Put acid into Burette
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Add acid to alkali until indicator reaches its end point
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Discard anomalies & repeat 3x until you get 2 identical results
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Calculate an average
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Calculations
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Balanced Symbol Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Convert volume into dm3
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. /1000
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Calculate moles of known substance
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. moles= volume x concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Look at equation for ratio
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Calculate moles of unknown using the ratio
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Calculate unknown concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. concentration= moles/volume x 1000 (dm3)
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Calculate g/mol
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. RFM x calculated concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Chemical Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Qualitative
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. What is present?
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Quantitative
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. How much is present?
                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Chemical Equilibrium
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Closed System
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Nothing in, Nothing out
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. The point in a reversible reactions where the forward & reverse rates of the reaction are equal therefore the amount of reactants & products stay the same
                                                                                                                                                                                                      3. Altering Equilibrium
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Position of equilibrium shifts to cancel change
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. If pressure of reactants is increased to maintain equilibrium, less product is formed (and visa versa)
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Making Ammonia - The Harber Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Raw Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. N2 - Air
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. H2 from CH4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Purified over Fe catalyst
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. High Temperature
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. 450C
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. 200 Atomspheres
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. The Economics of the Haber Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. increase pressure, increase proudcts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Advantages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. more product
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Disadvantages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. lots of energy required
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Expensive
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Catalyst
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. speed up reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Doesn't affect yield
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Lowers activation energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Temperature
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Low temperature means slower rate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Acid & Alkali
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Acid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. A substance that has hydrogen in it. it releases hydrogen ions when it dissoves in water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Alkali
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Made up of a hydroxide. All alkalis are soluble in water.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Base
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Reacts in the same way as a alkali but not soluble in water. Most metal oxides are bases.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. State symbols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. (s) solid (l) liquid (g) gas (aq) aqueous (dissolved in water)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. acid+alkali>salt+water (neutralisation) acid+base>salt+water (neutalisation) acid+metal>salt+hydrogen acid+carbonate>salt+carbon dioxide+water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Precipitate reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. 2 soluble salts mixed together to make an insoluble salt & another soluble salt. The insoluble salt is a precipitate.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Electrolysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Ionic compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. To split them into separate elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. That are molten or aqueous
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. So the ions can move
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Positive > Negative Negative > Positive
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    3. Positive Anode Negative Is Cathode
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Oxidation Is Loss Reduction Is Gain (of electrons)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Electrolysis in solution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Positive Ions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Lower element on the reactivity series goes towards the cathode
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Negative Ions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. If the ion is a halogen it goes towards the anode. Otherwise hydroxide goes towards anode
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            3. Electrolysis of Aluminium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Aluminium Ore > Bauxite
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. contains aluminium oxide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Dissolved in molten cryolite
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Reduces melting point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Aluminium used
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. very reactive
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. light & strong
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. layer of aluminium oxide preventing it from reacting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Electrolysis of Brine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Brine > sodium chloride solution (aq)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. contains hydrogen, sodium, chloride & hydroxide ions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Hydrogen ions go to cathode to form hydrogen gas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Chloride ions go to anode to form chlorine gas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sodium Hydroxide left in solution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Electroplating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Occurs when electrodes are the same metal as positive ions in solution.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Anode will not attract negative ions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Atoms in anode will turn to ions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Energy from fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fuel Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Increase in fossil fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Increase in CO2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Global Climate Change
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Hydrogen Power
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Advantages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Burns well
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. No pollutants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Disadvantages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. safety & storage issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Electrolysis to make H2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fuel Cell
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Improving Accuracy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. reduce heat transfer to environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Energy Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Bond Breaking
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Endothermic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Bond Making
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Exothermic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Exothermic (-)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Energy required to break bonds is less than energy released when new bonds form
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Endothermic (+)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Energy required to break bonds is greater than energy released when new bonds form
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Catalysts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Lowers activation energy by providing an alternative pathway
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    3. Bond Energies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Identify the bonds - Draw them out
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Add up bonds in reactants (breaking)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Add up bonds in products (making)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Bond Breaking + (-Bond Making)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Overall + = endothermic Overall - = exothermic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    4. Organic Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Alcohol
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Functional Group
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. (-OH)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Homologous Series
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Methanol CH3OH
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Ethanol C2H5OH
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Uses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Alcoholic Drinks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fermentation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Alternative Fuel
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Ethene & Steam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Mix with H2O
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Dissolve organic compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. solvent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Combustion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. flammable
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. form CO2 & H2O
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Sodium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Na fizzes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. H2 formed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Oxidation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Combustion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Potassium Dichromate > Carboxylic Acid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Left in air (microbes) > Carboxylic Acid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Carboxylic Acids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Functional Group
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. (-COOH)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Homologous Series
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Methanoic Acid HCOOH
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Ethanoic Acid CH3COOH
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Acidic when dissolved in H2O
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Same reaction as other acids (e.g. HCl)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Not strong acids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Partially dissociate into their ions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Esters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Functional Group
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. RCOOCR
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Homologous Series
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Ethyl Ethanoate CH3COOC2H5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol > Ester + Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Distinctive Smells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. fruity/sweet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Uses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. artificial flavourings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3. Organic Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Ethanol in drinks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Advantages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Relaxant
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Socially acceptable drug
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cheap
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Disadvantages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. affects health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. high BP, heart disease, liver damage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. addictive
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. expensive if addicted
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. lost days at work
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. policing anti-social behaviour
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Ethanol as Biofuel
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Advantages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. saves fossil fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Carbon Neutral
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Disadvantages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. land used could grow crops
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. destruction of habitats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. increase in CO2 in air
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Esters as Biofuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Biodiesel
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Made from plant oils
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol > Esters
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