Unit 1

Beschreibung

A-Levels Chemistry Mindmap am Unit 1, erstellt von jodieamelia am 12/05/2013.
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource

Unit 1
  1. Electrons, bonding and structure
    1. ionisation energy
      1. factors influencing it:
        1. nuclear charge

          Anmerkungen:

          • : a large nuclear charge means the outer electron is difficult to remove, so the inisation energy is large
          1. atomic radii

            Anmerkungen:

            • in larger atoms the outer most electron is father away from the nucleus and so is less attracted, so therefore easier to remove
            1. Electron shielding

              Anmerkungen:

              • if more inner electron shells shield the nuclear charge from the outer electron, it will be easier to remove and therefore a low ionisation enery
            2. first ionisation energy defintion

              Anmerkungen:

              • the energy required to remove one electron from each atom in one mole of gaseous atoms to form one mole of 1+ ions
              1. across a period

                Anmerkungen:

                • a general increase: increasing nuclear charge smaller atomic radii similar shielding
                1. down a group

                  Anmerkungen:

                  • general decrease: larger atomic radii more shielding larger nuclear charge is outweighed by the previous two factors
                2. ionic bonding

                  Anmerkungen:

                  • bonding between non metals and metals electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged ions arises when an electron is transferred from one atom to another.
                  1. covalent bonding

                    Anmerkungen:

                    • bonding between non-metals sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms, with one electron being donated from each atom
                    1. dative covalent bond

                      Anmerkungen:

                      • same as a covalent bond, however the shared electrons are both donated from one of the atoms in the bond.
                      1. bonding angles

                        Anmerkungen:

                        • linear: 180 non linear: 104.5 Pyramidal: 107 tetrahedral: 109.5 octahedral: 90 trigonal bipyramidal: 90 and 120 trigonal planar: 120 Lone pair of electrons>bonded pair
                        1. polarisation

                          Anmerkungen:

                          • covalently bonded. bond polarisation is when the bond had become slightly ionic in character because it has a dipole moment. between a slightly negative and slightly positive atom bonding.
                          1. intermolecular forces
                            1. van der waals forces

                              Anmerkungen:

                              • instantaneous dipole between polar bond induces an instantaneous dipole in neighbouring molecule
                              1. permanent dipole-dipole forces

                                Anmerkungen:

                                • occurs between molecules with permanent dipoles, a slightly negative atom on one molecule attracts the slightly positive atom on another molecule causing electrostatic forces to occur
                                1. hydrogen bonding

                                  Anmerkungen:

                                  • relatively strong type of permanent dipoleoccuring between a molecule with H and O, N or F
                                2. water

                                  Anmerkungen:

                                  • has a high surface tension and forms a meniscus because the hydrogen bonds pull the water surface downwards
                                  1. ice lower density than water

                                    Anmerkungen:

                                    • a whole network of hydrogen bonds, and are kept apart to form a littice by this arrangement, giving a lot of space in the structure making ice lower density than water
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