8571309
Beschreibung
Mindmap von Abbie Jones, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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Erstellt von Abbie Jones
vor mehr als 7 Jahre
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Textual Variations
- The Functions of interaction: a classification
system determined by the Open University
- Instrumental function - language
used to get something done or
to carry out business
- Control function:
language used to
control the behaviour
of others or act in a
way we want. e.g
(parents and chidlren)
- Stimulation function: telling jokes and stories
to amuse and entertain ourselves
- Stimulation function: telling jokes and stories
to amuse and entertain ourselves
- Information function: to pass information
or request information
- Role- related function: language we are expected
to use to fulfil our specific roles. e.g wedding
service or a parent.
- Role- related function: language we are expected
to use to fulfil our specific roles. e.g wedding
service or a parent.
- Expression function:
expressing our ideas, feelings
and attitudes
- Alleviation of Anxiety function: talking about
fears and problems can make them seem
more manageable
- Alleviation of Anxiety function: talking about
fears and problems can make them seem
more manageable
- Social contact function: language used to open,
establish and maintain relationships with people
- Control function:
language used to
control the behaviour
of others or act in a
way we want. e.g
(parents and chidlren)
- Thurnows Classification of
communication functions
- Instrumental function - language
used to get something done or
to carry out business
- H.P Grice
- The Co-Operative Principle
- The Maxim of Relation: make sure whatever you say is relevant
to the conversation
- Maxim of Quality: make sure whatever you say it
true and there is evidence to what you say
- Maxim of Quantity: make sure that what you
say is necessary - no more and no less
- Maxim of Manner: make sure it's clear and it's easy to
understand
- Maxim of Manner: make sure it's clear and it's easy to
understand
- Maxim of Quantity: make sure that what you
say is necessary - no more and no less
- Maxim of Quality: make sure whatever you say it
true and there is evidence to what you say
- Often speakers break the maxims but think they're still using the co-operative
principle
- Flouting a maxim: not using the maxim/not following it. This
is accidental
- Violating a maxim: Don't want the person to understand.
Deliberately not co-operating e.g lying
- Implicatures: implying something, hidden meanings - trying to
say more
- Violating a maxim: Don't want the person to understand.
Deliberately not co-operating e.g lying
- Flouting a maxim: not using the maxim/not following it. This
is accidental
- The Maxim of Relation: make sure whatever you say is relevant
to the conversation
- Wanted to explain the contextual conditions
which had to be met for us to communicate
meanings effectively. He created 4 Maxims
- Found that we often don't follow the maxims strongly. However
we still manage to communicate our ideas
- This is because listeners assume we are trying to communicate and
therefore make what we say fit the maxims.
- This is because listeners assume we are trying to communicate and
therefore make what we say fit the maxims.
- Found that we often don't follow the maxims strongly. However
we still manage to communicate our ideas
- Limitations
- The maxims aren't always used and yet we can still
have effective conversations.
- Focuses on the transactional functions and ignores
interactional sides of language.
- Focuses on the transactional functions and ignores
interactional sides of language.
- The maxims aren't always used and yet we can still
have effective conversations.
- The Co-Operative Principle
- Face Theory:
- Erving Goffman created the term face to describe the public persona we
present in interaction. He suggests we are constantly playing a role and
presenting 'a version' of ourselves to others.
- Brown and Levinson built on Goffman's ideas and defined 'face' as something that we're emotionally invested
in and can be lost, maintained or enhanced.
- Positive face: we want to look good and be noticed. We created a self image that
can be appreciated
- Negative face: we don't want to get involved in something
- Negative face: we don't want to get involved in something
- We try not to make face threatening acts to others in conversation and
therefore we use 'facework' to avoid this.
- Positive face: we want to look good and be noticed. We created a self image that
can be appreciated
- Brown and Levinson built on Goffman's ideas and defined 'face' as something that we're emotionally invested
in and can be lost, maintained or enhanced.
- Erving Goffman created the term face to describe the public persona we
present in interaction. He suggests we are constantly playing a role and
presenting 'a version' of ourselves to others.
- Politeness Principle
- Robin Lakoff
- Created the politeness principle to explain
why we flout Grice's maxims
- Lakoff proposed 3 maxims: Don't impose, Give
options and Make the reciever(s) feel good
- Lakoff proposed 3 maxims: Don't impose, Give
options and Make the reciever(s) feel good
- Created the politeness principle to explain
why we flout Grice's maxims
- Turn Taking:
- Pauses can occur between a turn finishing and
a turn starting.
- Overlaps are frequent. They happen when simultaaneous speech
occurs etc when one turn starts and another ends. They are a sign of
one speaker being keen to begin or slightly anticipating the end of a
turn.
- Interruptions happen when a turn shifts from one speaker
to another before the first speaker has finished their
utterance.
- Kenneth Wardhaugh - How conversation works
- says there is several reasons for
interruptions - to seek clarification, to
correct and to challenge
- says there is several reasons for
interruptions - to seek clarification, to
correct and to challenge
- Kenneth Wardhaugh - How conversation works
- Interruptions happen when a turn shifts from one speaker
to another before the first speaker has finished their
utterance.
- Overlaps are frequent. They happen when simultaaneous speech
occurs etc when one turn starts and another ends. They are a sign of
one speaker being keen to begin or slightly anticipating the end of a
turn.
- Deborah Tannen
- Identified two different styles of turn taking - high
involvement style and high considerateness style.
- High-involvement style: this involves a lot of simultaneous speech in the form of
interruptions and overlaps. = a high level of positive engagement and
enthusiasm.
- High-considerateness style: Speakers are allowed to finish fully and any
simultaneous speech creates apologies and withdrawal. = Respect for the
speaker
- High-involvement style: this involves a lot of simultaneous speech in the form of
interruptions and overlaps. = a high level of positive engagement and
enthusiasm.
- Identified two different styles of turn taking - high
involvement style and high considerateness style.
- Pauses can occur between a turn finishing and
a turn starting.
- Effect of CHANNEL on textual variation
- Channel is how it exists so sounds,
symbols and letters
- Prosodics: Stress, Pace,
Volume and Intonation
- Not what you say but how you say it.
- Not what you say but how you say it.
- Channel is how it exists so sounds,
symbols and letters
Medienanhänge
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