Case Studies - Psychology - Topic A and B

Topic A
1. Bartlett (1932)
  1. Aim
    1. Investigate how information changes with each reproduction and to find out why the infromation changes
  2. Procedure
    1. Serial Reproduction
      1. First participant to read the tale twice, at normal reading speed. Then waited 15 - 30 minutes before teliing the story to the second participant, each told the story to the next particpipant, until all 10 had heard it
    2. Repeated reproduction
      1. Each particpaint was tested separately - read the story to themseleves twice - after 15 minutes had to give their first reproduction; then after 20 hours, 8 days, 6 months and 10 years
  3. Findings
    1. Form, details, simplification and addition
  4. Evaluation
    1. Strengths
      1. Both the repeated and serial reproduction tasks were done many times. This helped to show that the changes to the story followed the same patterns
      2. Other stories used in serial reproduction. This showed that the changes werent special to the 'war of the ghosts'
    2. Weaknesses
      1. Choosing unfamilar material, Bartlett could not be sure that the changes he found would happen with familiar information
      2. Bartlett did not always test the repeated reproduction participants after the same time intervals, so the changes over time cannot be compared fairly
  5. Conclusion
    1. Unfamilar material changes when it is recalled. It becomes shorter, simplier, and sterotyped
2. Carmicheal et al (1932)
  1. Aim
    1. Find out whether words shown with pictures would affect the way the pictures were remembered
  2. Procedure
    1. This was a laboratory experiement - 95 participants - Split into three groups, and shown 12 pictures, a control group was used also
  3. Independent Variable
    1. Experiemental design was independent groups
  4. Dependent Variable
    1. The participants were asked to draw the prictures they had seen; these were compared to the orginal
  5. Findings
    1. Drawings produced by by people who heard list 1 were very diferrent to lsit 2 - drawings looked like the words
  6. Conclusion
    1. Memory for pictures is reconstructed - verbal context affects recall
  7. Evaluation
    1. Strengths
      1. Using a control group who did not hear any worrds at all - can be sure that peoples drawings weren't always distorted
      2. Using two different lists they showed clearly that the verbal labels affected peoples drawings
      3. Findings supported by recent study - Lupyan (2008)
      4. Using 12 pictures, and having lots of participants gave lots of evidence
    2. Weaknesses
3. Palmer (1975)
  1. Aim
    1. Whether context affects perception
  2. Procedure
    1. laboratory experiment
    2. 64 students
    3. shown scenes, and provided a context
    4. independent variable
      1. appropriate
      2. inappropriate (similar)
      3. inappropriate (different)
      4. no context
  3. results
    1. correctly identified the most objects after seeing an appropriate context
  4. conclusion
    1. Expectations affect perception
  5. evaluation
    1. strengths
      1. controlled length of time participants saw context, and objects
      2. had instructions
      3. didn't use two sets of results because participants forgot glasses - poor vision could have affected results
    2. weaknesses
      1. told what they were doing, meas participants could have been trying harder
      2. fewer sets of data used, fewer results

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Case Studies - Psychology - Topic A and B

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