Attachment

Attachment

Strong emotional bond between infant and caregivers.
John Bowlby
1. theory based on lorenz's observations
2. attachment has roots in a set of instinctual infant responses important for protection and survival of the species.
3. infant and caregiver are biologically prepared to respond to each other's behaviours.
Harlow and Zimmerman
1. 'contact comfort' more important than hunger satisfaction.
2. rhesus monkeys clung to terry cloth covered "mothers", even though wire mesh mothers had a milk bottle.
Development of attachment.
1. first three years of live are a very sensitive period.
2. four stages:
  1. 1) pre-attachment (0-2 months); indiscriminate social responsiveness.
  2. 2) attachment in the making (2-7 months); recognition of familiar people.
  3. 3) clear-cut attachment (7-24 months); separation protest, wariness of strangers, intentional communication.
  4. 4) goal-corrected partnership (24 months on); relationships more two-sided, children understand parents' needs.
3. Mary Ainsworth - The Strange Situation.
  1. four keys of observation:
    1. exploration
    2. reaction to departure
    3. stranger anxiety
    4. reunion
  2. three main styles of attachment.
    1. SECURE ATTACHMENT
      1. 65-70% of one-year-olds
      2. freely explore new environments.
      3. touches base with caregiver periodically for security
      4. may or may not cry when separated
      5. when caregiver returns, crying ceases quickly.
    2. INSECURE-AVOIDANT ATTACHMENT
      1. 15% of one-year-olds
      2. do not cry when separated
      3. reacts to stranger similar to how they react to caregiver
      4. when reunited, avoids or is slow to greet caregiver
    3. INSECURE-RESISTANT ATTACHMENT
      1. 10-15% of infants
      2. seek contact with caregiver before separation
      3. when reunited, first seek caregiver, but then resist or reject comfort.
  3. forth type of attachment: INSECURE-DISORGANISED ATTACHMENT
    1. 5-10% of infants
    2. elements of both avoidant and resistant (confused)
    3. during reunion, they are disorientated and disorganised. look dazed.
    4. freeze in the middle of their movements.
    5. engage in repetitive behaviours
    6. apprehensive and fearful of caregiver
    7. unable to cope in a consistent and organised way.

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