Animal Learning

Classical conditioning
1. Before UCS->UCR NS->No response
2. Conditioning UCS+NS->UCR
3. After CS->CR
4. NS before UCS - strong conditioing
5. Longer delay after NS before UCS - weaker conditioing
6. NS with UCS - unpredictable conditioning
7. NS after UCS - ineffective conditioning
8. Extinction - CS-CR link disappears after removal of UCS
9. Spontanious recovery - UCS and CS paired again, rapid link
10. Stimulus generalisation - stimulus similar to CS produces CR
11. Stimulus discrimination - NS similar to CS does not produce UCR
12. Taste aversion
  1. Doesn't require many conditionings
  2. Doesn't require UCS and NS to occur closely
Operant conditioning
1. Spontaneous behaviour produces consequences
2. Reinforcement
  1. Positive reinforcement - pleasant consequence from behaviour
  2. Negative reinforcement - behaviour stops something unpleasant
3. Schedules of reinforcement
  1. Fixed ratio - 1in10 reward
  2. Variable ratio - rewarded 60%, unpredictable
  3. Fixed interval - rewarded after 10min
  4. Variable interval - time intervals 4 an hour
4. Punishment
  1. Positive punishment - adding an unpleasant consequence
  2. Negative punishment - removal of something pleasant
The behaviour of animals
1. Training animals for relsease
  1. Simple conditioning, dolphins associate humans with food
  2. Compound conditioning, adding appropriate stimulus i.e noise humans also come without food
  3. Necessary to make sure animals don't learn behaviours making them endangered
  4. Dependence on humans created through regular food intervals
2. Foraging - operant conditioning
  1. Woodpeckers reinforced by pecking tree - receive food
    1. Food extinguished - pecking slowly stops
  2. Agetsuma - food patch quality manipulated, monkeys visited high quality areas more frequently
3. Positive reinforcement training
  1. Desensitisation - fearful object & reward = less fearful
  2. Cooperative feeding - dominant animals rewarded allowing subordinates to feed & them being brave enough to approach dominant animals
  3. Enhances psychological wellbeing
    1. Used to remove stressors associated with research
  4. Clay et al - Macaques desinsitised fearing humans. Conditioned group less fearful than control
Intelligence in non human animals
1. Machiavellian intelligence
  1. The ability to intentionally decieve another
    1. Knowledge of ToM
  2. Manipulation of others
    1. Management of attention - diverting attention to profit the deciever
    2. Creating an image - changing view of individual
      1. Grooming an individual before snatching food
  3. Apes form alliances
    1. Weaker males with more powerful males
    2. Sex with dominant male, more likely to protect offspring
  4. Deag & Crook - subordinate macaques carry young approaching dominant male
    1. Agonistic buffering - males less likely to attack
  5. highly developed - selection pressure
  6. Maestripieri - machiavellian intelligence in macaques
    1. Unable to recognise themselves
2. Self recognition
  1. Ability to recognise yourself seen as intelligence
  2. Gallup - Chimps will use a mirror to touch a red mark on their forehead and ears
  3. Reiss & Marino - Dolphins marked with black ink or water, inked dolphins spent longer in front of reflective surfaces
    1. Delfour & Marten - Also found this in killer whales, they had cognitive ability needed for self recognition
  4. Plotnik et al - Elephants used a mirror to touch a mark on their head
    1. May not be intelligence, they just felt it on their skin
  5. Heyes - Little evidence for self recognition in all primates
    1. Not all passed mirror test
    2. Don't have self concept (part of self recognition) like humans
  6. Self recognition common in species that helps others - level of consciousness
    1. Human ethical guidlines should be extended to these animals, protecting them
3. Theory of mind
  1. Understanding others have different mental states & see the world differently
  2. Allows inferences about mental states to be made
  3. Premack & Woodruff - Sarah the chimp shown video of human solving problem. Video stopped before solution. Given two photos, one had right answer. Consistently chose correct answer.

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	Kopiert von Brendan Williams vor mehr als 10 Jahre

	Kopiert von Brendan Williams vor mehr als 10 Jahre

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Animal Learning

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