Eating Behaviour

Attitudes to food
1. Social learning - parents model eating behaviour for children
  1. Brown & Ogden - Correlation between parent/child snacking, eating motivation & body dissatisfaction
  2. MacIntyre et al - media impacts food attitudes, but behaviour limited by personal circumstances
  3. Meyer & Gast - positive correlation between between peer influence and eating disorder. Likeability most influential
  4. Doesn't consider evolution, natural preference for fatty and sweet
  5. Gender bias - studies only on women
    1. Homosexual men more at risk than hetrosexual
2. Culture - bodily dissatisfaction more common in white mid-upper class
  1. Powell & Kahn - bodily dissatisfaction more in white women than blacks/asians
    1. Certain foods not eaten due to religion
    2. Striegel-Moore et al - more drive for thinness in black girls than whites.
    3. Mumford et al - Bodily dissatisfaction more in Asian school children than whites
  2. Ball & Kenardy - 14,000 Australian immigrants, longer in Australia, more preference for native foods
  3. Dornbusch et al 7,000 American teens. Mid-Upper class females more drive for thinness
    1. More likely to be dieting to achieve this
      1. Acculturation effect - adopting behaviour patterns of surrounding culture
    2. Story et al - American higher class students greater bodily satisfaction and less weight control behaviour
  4. Difficult to generalise findings, some from clinical populations and some non clinical
    1. Hard to draw causal factors
3. Mood
  1. Craving sweet, starchy foods when upset, explained by classical & operant conditioning
    1. Garg et al - Watching a sad film had 36% more popcorn consumption than a happy film, where more grapes were eaten
    2. Can become unresponsive or not work
      1. Parker et al - repeated use of chocolate only prolonged negative mood, not removing it
      2. Inneffective
  2. Bulimics have lower mood on binging days
    1. Wegner et al - low mood before & after binging
      1. Difficult to see reinforcing qualities
        Wedig & Nock - reinforcement found
        Social negative reinforcement - avoiding people
        Intrapersonal positive reinforcement - increase strength of positive emotion
    2. Low mood precedes binging
  3. Stress can decrease eating behaviour
    1. 84/154 students eating less main response
    2. Oliver & Wardie 73% students stress increased snacking
Explanations for the success/failure of dieting
1. Restraint theory - restricting what you eat will cause weightloss
  1. Kirkley et al - 50 women, restained eaters had fewer calories than unrestrained eaters
  2. Rodin et al - obesitity cause beliefs & weightloss motivation important predictors of weightloss
  3. Disinhibition - loss of restraint control, leading to overeating
  4. Wardle & Beales - obese women in 1/3 groups. Restrained group ate more than exercise or control group
    1. Restraint an obesity treatment, but overeating & obesity can cause depression. A failure unable to control weight
  5. Cannot explain how restraiend anorexics don't overeat
  6. Park et al - Asian adults more prone to obesity than Europeans
    1. Harder to diet
    2. Misra et al - greater central fat mass
  7. Lacks scientific credibility, much is based on personal accounts. Memory not 100% accurate. Assesment not objective
2. Boundary model - dieting failure due to increased distance between hunger & satiety
  1. Biopsychological explanation - body has a set point maintained by eating. Dieting emposes cognitive boundary
  2. Takes longer to feel satiated so more food consumed
  3. Herman & Polivy - restrained eaters consumed more when convinced they'd be shocked
  4. Herman & Mack - Non dieters with high calorie preload ate less than non preloaders. Reverse in dieters
3. Ironic processes of mental control - seeing food as forbidden can cause you to want it more
  1. Wegner - Suppressing thoughts makes food more attractive
  2. Some people may be born fat. High levels lipoprotein lipase (LPL) makes body better at calorie storage
4. Boredom - People dislike repeated experiences. Sticking to a diet can be hard
  1. Development of anti diet programmes (weightwatchers), regulation of eating by hunger & satiety signals, not restriction which is ineffective
5. Theory of planned behaviour
  1. Williams et al - motivation style predictive of weight loss and weight motivation
  2. Kiernan et al - people dissatisfied with body more likely to lose weight.
    1. Possibly due to high value on attractivness
  3. Ogden & Mills - maintained weight loss initiated by life event
    1. Criteria needed to be met
      1. Behavioural model of obesity
      2. Restriction in food choice
      3. Reduction in benifits & function of eating
      4. New ID as a thin person (reinvention)

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Eating Behaviour

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