Speciation

Speciation

Mechanisms of evolution
1. Genetic variation
  1. Mutations
    1. New alleles
  2. Sexual reproduction
    1. Independent assortment
    2. Crossing over
    3. Segregation
2. Genetic drift
  1. Bottleneck effect
  2. Founders effect
3. Gene flow
  1. Small vs large populations
4. Natural selection
  1. Genetic variation
5. Selection pressures
  1. Stabilising selection
  2. Directional selection
  3. Disruptive selection
The Origin of species
1. Define Biological species
2. Stages in species development
  1. reproductive isolating mechanisms (RIM'S)
    1. Gene flow reduced
    2. Geographical isolation
      1. Common casues
      2. Effect on gene flow
    3. Behavioural isolation
    4. Ecological isolation
    5. Temporal isolation
    6. mechanical isolation
    7. Gametic isolation
    8. Polyploidy
      1. How it leads to speciation
      2. How is this advantageous
        Hybrids
  2. Variation
  3. Natural selection
  4. Mutation
3. New Zealand geographical past
  1. Effect on speciation
4. Types of speciation
  1. Allopatric speciation
    1. Explain significance of... in allowing allopatric speciation to occur
      1. Migration
      2. Geographical isolation
      3. Ecological isolation
  2. Sympatric speciation
  3. Compare and contrast allopatric and sympatric speciation
    1. How this effects the evolution of plants and animals
Patterns of Evolution
1. Define
  1. Adaptive radiation
    1. Supported by DNA and fossil evidence
  2. Divergent evolution
    1. How the presence of a homologous structure can support this
  3. Convergent evolution
    1. May cause analogous structures to arise
  4. Co-evolution
    1. Examples
      1. Flowering plants and pollinators
      2. Parasites and their hosts
      3. Predators and their prey
      4. Grazing herbivores and grassland species
2. Biogeoraphy
  1. How it allows adaptive radiation o occur
  2. How it brings about divergent evolution from a common ancestor
Types of scientific evidence
1. Describe
  1. Fossil evidecne
  2. Comparative anatomy
    1. Analogous
    2. Homologous
  3. Molecular biology
    1. Proteins
    2. DNA analysis
2. Link to a pattern of evolution
Rate of evolutionary change
1. Pace of evolutionary change
  1. Punctuated equilibrium
  2. Gradualism

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