RELIGION

RELIGION

Religion in a global context
1. Religion and economic development
  1. Webb et al- globalisation= rationality= less religion
  2. Religion and economic growth are compatable
    1. Nanda- UltraNationalism in India and Hinduism
    2. Redding- The spirit of Chinese Capitalism
    3. Berger- Pentecostalism in Latin America
    4. Lehmann- global and local impact of Pentecostalism
2. Religious Fundamentalism
  1. Giddens- Cosmopolitanism
  2. Castells- 2 types of Fundamentalists- reject and project identity
  3. Bruce- Monotheism and Fundamentalism
  4. Evaluation
    1. (A02)- Haynes; shouldn't narrowly focus on Islamic Fundamentalism
    2. (A02)- Beckford
      1. 1. distinguish too sharply between Cosmapolitanism and Fundamentalists.
      2. 2. 'fixated Fundamnetalism'
      3. 3. Lumps all types of Fudamentalism together
3. Cultural Defence
  1. Bruce- examples of Poland and Iran
4. Religion and the clash of civilisations
  1. Huntongton- sees global conflicts as intensified by the collapse of communism
    1. (A02)- Jackson; Huntington's work is based on Orientalism- stereotypes
    2. (A02)- Horrie and Chipingdale- generalises too much
    3. (A02)- Inglehart and Norris- sexuality is the main cause of cultural divide
Theories of religion
1. Definitions
  1. Substantive (Weber), Functional (Durkheim) and Social Constructionist (Aldridge)
2. Functionalists
  1. (A01) Durkheim- collective conscience, sacred and profane and totemism
  2. (A02) Worsley Durkheim is overly positive
  3. Other functions- (A01)
    1. Parsons- values and meaning
    2. Mauss- conceptualisation and categorisation
    3. Malinowski- psychological funtions
    4. Bellah- civil religions
3. Marxists
  1. Karl Marx (A01)- Mechanism of social control
  2. Bruce- (A02- positive) New Christian Right
  3. (A02) Criticisms
    1. Althusser- alienation/ view is unscientific and romantic
    2. Hamilton- only gives uses of religion- no specific defintion
4. Feminists
  1. (A01) Means of oppression
    1. Religious organisations-Armstrong
    2. Sacred Texts
    3. Religious Laws and Customs- Woodhead
    4. Places of Worship- Holm
    5. (A01) Other Feminist resarch
      1. Woodhead- Muslim veil as a symbol of liberaion in the public and private sphere
      2. Watson- interviews with 3 Muslim women
      3. El Saadawi- male interpretation and female genital mutilation
  2. (A02) evaluation
    1. Marxists- conservative, oppressive force upon WC- class not gender focused
    2. Functionalists- consensus theory
    3. Different Feminist views- Radical Feminists; Daly
    4. Post Modernism- change is possible eg: ordination of women
Religion and Social change
1. Religion a a conservative force
  1. Functionalists, Marxists and Feminists
2. Weber- religion as a souce for change
  1. (A01)- Asceticism, this worldly orientation, capitalism
  2. (A02)
    1. Kautsky- overestimates the role of ideas & underestimates economic factors
    2. Tawney-Technological factors
    3. Marshall- Switzerland & lack of investment
3. Religion and social protest
  1. Bruce- The Civil Rights Movement
  2. (A02)- New Christian Right
4. Marxism, religion and change
  1. Maduro- Liberation Theology
  2. Engels & Bloch- Religion's dual character
  3. Gramsci- Hegemony
Secularisation
1. Secularisation in Britain
  1. Church attendance figures- Davie; believing without belonging
2. Explanations of secularisation
  1. Functionalism
    1. Durkheim- growth of individualism undermines CC
  2. Marxism
    1. Introduction of socialism=SEC.
  3. Weber- rationalisation and disenchantment
  4. Parsons- Structural Differentiation
  5. Bruce- technologcal Worldview
  6. Bruce- social and cultural diversity
    1. (A02)- Aldridge; Pentecostalists
  7. Berger- religious diversity
    1. (A02)- Beckford- diversity doesnt inevitably lead to SEC.
3. Secularisation in America
  1. Wilson- 45% churchgoers in 1965
  2. Bruce- 3 examples
4. Evaluation of Secularisation
  1. Church attendance figures
  2. Lyon- Re-enchantment of the world
  3. Bruce- cultural defence and transition
  4. Heelas and Woodhead- Kendal project & spiritual revolution
  5. Fundamentalism- Kepel and Islam
Religion, renewal and choice
1. Post Modernity and Religion
  1. Davie- beliveing without belonging
    1. (A02)- Bibby; Canadian survey
    2. (A02)- Voas and Crockett- reject
    3. (A02)- Bruce; support
  2. Hervieu- Leger- Cultural Amnesia and Spiritual Shopping
  3. Lyon
    1. 1. The relocation of religion
    2. 2. Religious Consumerism- 'pick and mix' & hyperreality
    3. 3. Re-Enchantment of the world
      1. (A02)- Lyon;s research isnt extensive
      2. (A02)- Bruce supports
2. Existential security Theory
  1. Norris and Inglehart
    1. (A02) Gill and Lundegaarde- support
    2. (A02)- Vasquez- criticises quantitative data
3. Religious market theory
  1. Stark and Bainbridge- SEC= constant cycle of revival and renewal
    1. (A02)- Beckford; unsociable as it assumes people are religious
Ideology and Science
1. Science as a belief system
  1. (A01)- Comte; chronological stages of belief
    1. 1. The theological stage 2. the metaphysical stage 3. The Positive stage
  2. Popper- Falsification
  3. Merton- CUDOS norms
  4. Horton- closed belief systems
    1. support- Pritchard; Azande tribe
    2. Kuhn- closed belief systems- science is socially constructed
    3. Woolgar-science is subjective
2. Ideology
  1. (Marxism) Mannheim- Ideological throught and Utopian thought
    1. Gramsci- Working class ideology will overthrow Capitalism and end hegemony
      1. (A02)- Marxism assumes people are passive
  2. Ideology and Feminism
    1. Marks- female exclusion from education
    2. (A02)- Feminism itself is an ideology
Organisations, movements and members
1. Types of religious organisations
  1. Wallis- 3 types of NRMs
    1. (A02)- Stark and Bainbridge
2. Explaining the growth of religious movements
  1. 3 main reasons for the trend in NRMs
    1. 1. Marginality- Troeltsh/Weber/Wallis
    2. 2. Relative deprivation- Glock and Stark
    3. 3. Social Change- Wilson, Bellah, Bruce
      1. ALSO- disenchantment of the world (Weber), status frustration, Wallis
  2. Reasons NRMs are short lived- Barker/Aldridge
  3. Post Modernity & New Age
    1. Drane- answers away from meta-narratives
    2. Heelas and Woodhead- Kendal Project
    3. Bruce- argues New Age is late stage of modernity not PM
      1. Heelas- sees the New Age and Modern society linked in 4 ways
  4. The growth and Characteristics of the New Age
    1. Heelas- 2 common themes; self-spirituality and detraditionalisation
    2. Other Explanations
      1. Aldridge- sects can become denominations
      2. Wilson- denomination or death of a sect is not only option
      3. Stark and Bainbridge- The Sectarian cycle
3. Religiosity and social groups
  1. Gender
    1. Bruce- twice as many women in sects
      1. Miller and Hoffman- socialisation and gender role
      2. Stark and Bainbridge- compensation for deprivation
      3. Brown- New Age responds to female's want for autonomy
    2. Heelas and Woodhead- women of the New Age; 80% women in Holistic Milieu
  2. Ethnicity
    1. Bruce/ Bird- cultural defence
    2. Herberg/Modood- cultural transition
    3. Johal- social identity
  3. Age
    1. Lynch- expanded spiritual marketplace
    2. Davie- the privatisation of religion
    3. 2 main explanations- Ageing and the generational effect
      1. Gill- religion not longer taught

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