Life in Nazi Germany

Setting up Nazi dictatorship
1. Reichstag Fire
  1. Marinus van der Lubbe (communist)
    1. Confessed and executed
  2. Hitler said it was a communist conspiracy
    1. Persuaded Hindenburg to declare state of emergency
2. 1933 Elections
  1. Used Emergency powers to ban communist party
  2. Hiter: 2/3 majority
    1. Able to change constitution of republic
  3. Hitler got money from businessmen
  4. Hitler used decree to imprison opponents
  5. Used SA to intimidate/attack rivals
    1. 70 Deaths
3. Enabling Act
  1. March 1933
  2. Hitler could make laws for 4 years, without consulting Reichstag
  3. Totalitarian state
  4. Could pass because of communist ban and SA&SS intimidation
4. Ohter political changes
  1. Ban of trade unions & strikes
  2. Removed all opposition parties
  3. Ban of regional govts.
5. Night of the Long Knives
  1. Hitler feared Rohm
    1. Opposed Hitler's policies (he wanted more socialism)
    2. SA had 3 million members
  2. 1934, leaders of SS warned Hitler that Rohm was planning to seize power
  3. 1 July Arrested and killed Rohm
  4. Von-Papen (vice-chancellor) protested
    1. His home was surrounded
    2. Arrested his staff
  5. 400 were shot
    1. Von Schleicher
6. Hindenburg dies
  1. Hitler declares himself Führer
    1. Public vote 90% for
  2. Forced oath of loyalty from army
7. Police state
  1. SS
    1. loyal to Hitler
    2. 50,000
    3. Racial purification
      1. Death's head units
        Ran concentration camps
    4. Himmler
    5. aryan
  2. Gestapo
    1. Secret-police force
    2. Placed under control of SS, led by Heydrich
    3. If people spoke out against nazi ideas
      1. Arrested and imprisoned without trial
      2. 150,000 in jail in 1939
  3. Concentration camps
    1. Political prisoners or undesirables
    2. 1938 onwards - forced labour for businesses
    3. 6 by 1939 (20,000 people)
  4. The law courts
    1. Set up national socialist league for maintenace of law
      1. judges had to be member
      2. If judges opposed Nazis, denied membership
      3. Freedom to punish people without them having broken the law
    2. Set up People's court
      1. For offences against the stae
      2. Picked judges
8. Censorship and propaganda
  1. Goebbels
  2. Media
    1. Radio
      1. all stations under nazi control
      2. Cheap radios availabe
      3. Hitler's speeches
    2. Cinema
      1. Publicising Germany's achievement
      2. Film makers had to have film approved by Goebbels
      3. Political messages
    3. Press
      1. Had to print views Nazis agreed with
  3. Universities
    1. 3000 academics dismissed
    2. Had to agree with Nazi ideas
  4. Leisure
    1. Sports
      1. Berlin Olympics 1936
        stadium reflected Germany's power
        Aryan superiority with medals
    2. Arts
      1. Book approval
        Book burnings
      2. music censored
        Jazz banned
      3. Wanted art showing heroic German folk tales
  5. yearly Nuremberg rallies
  6. Advertising
    1. Hitler shown as strong leader
    2. Shown with children
Nazi Policies
1. Churches
  1. Catholic churces
    1. Problems
      1. Owed first allegiance to pope, not Hitler
      2. Christian schools taught other values than Nazi schools
    2. Concordat 1933 with pope
      1. Hitler agreed to
        confirm freedom of worship for catholics
        Not interfere with Catholic schools
      2. Church agrred to
        Not let priests interfere in politics
        Ordered bishops to swear loyalty to regime
    3. Hitler did not keep his promises
      1. Priests were harassed & arrested, sent to concentration camps
      2. catholic schools brough in line with state schools
      3. catholic youth league banned
    4. 1937, pope realised concordat was useless and criticised regime
  2. Protestant church
    1. Priests who suported Hitler were allowed to carry on
    2. Pastor Niemoller
      1. Set up Pastors Emergency League
      2. sent to concentration camp
      3. against Hitler
2. Jews 1933-39
  1. Background for hatred
    1. blamed for defeat in WW1
    2. Criticised for communist rebels
    3. Selfihs capitalists
    4. All races superior to them
    5. blamed for execution of christ
  2. Persecution starts 1933
    1. Boycotts of Jewish businesses
    2. Banned from govt. jobs
    3. Banned from inheriting land
    4. Banned from army
    5. Banned from restaurants
  3. Nuremberg laws 1935
    1. Could not be German citizen
    2. Lost voting right
    3. Could not marry "German"
  4. Further persecution 1938
    1. Jews had to register all possessions
    2. Doctors could not work for Aryan germans
  5. Kristallnacht 1938
    1. Jew shot German diplomat
    2. Anger rose against Jews in Germany
      1. govt. would not act if people attacked jews - printed in nazi newspaper
    3. Storm of attack on Jews
      1. Including SA
      2. 191 synagogues destroyed
      3. 100 jews killed
    4. Long-term effects
      1. Blamed for attacks
      2. Banned from schools, running shops
      3. SA and SS started rounding up Jews
      4. Forced to move out of their homes
        Into ghettos
        Wait unti they were deported
3. Youth
  1. Schools
    1. Race studies
    2. Mein Kampf compulsory
    3. Girls were tought domestic science
    4. PE very important
    5. Teachers had to swear oath of loyalty
  2. Movements
    1. Hitler youth for boys
      1. Fitness for military training
    2. League of German Maidens
      1. PRepared them for motherhood
  3. Opposition
    1. Some parents disliked children being taught Nazism
    2. Some youth rebelled - started opposition groups
4. Women
  1. Expected to leave job for children
  2. Taught to be housemaids
  3. No make-up, trousers
  4. 1933 law for the encouragement of marriage
    1. Loans for young couples marrying, if woman left job
  5. Encouraged large families
    1. Awards given for number of children
    2. Financial aid for wifes of SS men
  6. End of 1930s, large industry, some women had to work again
Work and (un)employment
1. Policy towards workers
  1. Banned trade unions
  2. Set uf german labour front
    1. controlled employment rights, and had power to punish workers
    2. Set up strengh through joy
      1. Organised activities for workers in leisure time
2. Policy towards unemployment
  1. Unemployed supporters of communists
  2. 1933, set up national labour service
    1. 1935 became compulsory for all young men
    2. Hard labour
3. Rearmement
  1. German army 1933: 100,000 1939: 900,000
  2. Arms spending 1933: 3.5 billion 1939: 26 billion
4. Effects of policies
  1. Reduced opposition
  2. unemployment 1933: 4.8 million, 1938: 0.5 million

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Life in Nazi Germany

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