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9200159
B2 part 1
Beschreibung
Edexcel GCSE Biology revision - B2 part 1
Keine Merkmale angegeben
plant and animal cells
inside bacteia
dna
dna discovery
genetic engineering
mitosis
fertilisation and meiosis
clones
stem cells
protein synthesis
proteins and mutations
enzymes
enzyme action
gcse
Mindmap von
Lucy Sherburn
, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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Lucy Sherburn
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource
B2 part 1
Cells
Animal cells
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Plant cells
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Cell wall
Central vacuole
Chloroplasts
Bacteria
Chromosomal DNA
Cell membrane
Some have a flagellum
Cell wall
Plasmid DNA
DNA
Breakdown of DNA
Cell nucleus
Chromosome
String of genes
A gene is a short piece of DNA
Double helix
Base Pairs
A = adenine
T = thymine
C = cytosine
G = guanine
Extracting DNA
Fruit mashed up and mixed with salty water and detergent
This breaks open the cells and helps release the DNA
Protease enzyme is added to filtered mixture, helps to break up proteins
Breaking up proteins releases more DNA
Ice-cold ethanol is poured into the mixture, makes DNA separate from liquid
Discovery
Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin use X-rays to study DNA structure
Franklin studied X-ray photographs of DNA to work out how atoms were grouped
Watson and Crick interpreted data from other scientists, Franklin's X-ray photos were the final clue
Human Genome Project
18 different countries
Collaborated to decode the human genome
This is the order of bases on all the human chromosomes
Genetic engineering
Advantages
Human insulin using GM is quicker and cheaper
Golden rice contains vitamins helping prevent disease
Disadvantages
A few diabetic people react badly to this insulin
Golden rice seeds = expenisive
How is it done?
A gene is cut out of a human chromosome using enzymes
A DNA plasmid is taken out of a bacterium and cut open using enzymes
The human insulin gene and the plasmid are mixed together
The human insulin gene and the plasmid are stuck together to make a new plasmid
The new plasmid with the human insulin gene is put back into a bacterium
The bacterium will still make human insulin
Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis
Mi-two-sis
Makes two cells
MiTosis
IdenTical cells
Diploid means double (two sets of) chromosomes
Cell division that happens in body cells
The cell that divides is called a parent cell
Used in asexual reproduction
Used in growth and repairing damaged parts of the body
Meiosis and reprduction
Fertilisation takes place during sexual reproduction
Fertilisation is when a male gamete combines with a female gamete
Produces a zygote
Sexual reproduction produces variation in offspring
Fertilisation
Gametes are haploid cells
Sperm cell carries chromosomes from mother, egg cell carries mother chromosomes
Gametes fuse at fertilisation
Zygote is formed - it has one set of chromosomes from each gamete
Meiosis
Cell division
Happens when a diploid cell divides to produce haploid gametes
Parent cell is diploid - has two sets of chromosomes
Parent cell splits in two twice, four different daughter cells are produced
Daughter cells are haploid cells (each has one set of chromosomes)
Clones
Diploid nucleus is removed from adult body cell
Nucleus removed from egg cell, nucleus put in empty body cell
Cell simulated with an electric pulse to start mitosis
Cell divides and grows as an embryo
Embryo placed in uterus of surrogate mother
Advantages and disadvantages
Animal cloned has good features
It is more difficult to clone a mammal than a plant, many attempts needed. Lots of attempts = expensive
Cloned mammals may suffer more health problems than usual
Any genetic defect in the in parent will be passed on to the offspring
Stem cells
Embryonic
Embryo destroyed when cells removed - some people think embryos have a right to life
Body rejects them without use of drugs
Produce any type of cell
Easy to extract from embryo
Adult
No embryo destroyed
If taken from the person to be treated, the body will not reject it
Produce a few types of cells
Difficult to find and extract from tissue
Replace faulty cell with healthy, so person is well again
May produce cancer cells instead of healthy cells
Medienanhänge
Mitosis (image/png)
Meiosis (image/png)
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