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Beschreibung
Mindmap von Molly Walker, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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Erstellt von Molly Walker
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AQA A Level Psychology
- Social Influence
- Conformity
- Types
- Compliance
- A public but not a
private change in
views
- e.g. saying you support a
different football team
because your friends do
- A public but not a
private change in
views
- Kelman (1958)
- Internalisation
- A private and
public change
of views
- e.g. following a new religion
- Permanent
- A private and
public change
of views
- Identification
- Temporary
- A change in private and
public beliefs that stop
when the group are no
longer there
- Temporary
- Compliance
- Explanations
- Deutsch and
Gerard (1955)
- Normative
Social Influence
- Conforming to fit in with the
group because they value the
group and want to be accepted
by them
- Public views match the
group, but private views
may not
- e.g. peer pressure
- Conforming to fit in with the
group because they value the
group and want to be accepted
by them
- Informational Social
Influence
- People change their views and
behaviour based on new
information because they want
to be right.
- Most common in new
and ambiguous
situations
- People change their views and
behaviour based on new
information because they want
to be right.
- Deutsch and
Gerard (1955)
- Asch (1956)
- An example of
normative social
influence
- 7 males were shown two
cards and asked to match
the line up to the same
length line on the other
card.
- The task was really simple and the
correct answer was obvious
- Participants conformed 32% of
the time, 74% conformed at
least once.
- Variations
- 1 stooge - 3%, 2 stooges -
13%, 3-15 stooges 32%
- Unanimity - agreed with participant
- 5.5%, disagreed with everyone -
9%
- Task difficulty - increased conformity.
- 1 stooge - 3%, 2 stooges -
13%, 3-15 stooges 32%
- Evaluation
- Lack of
ecological
validity
- Lack of generalisability - all male students
- Reliable due to
easy replication
- Participants said they
doubted whether
they'd understood
the task
- Unethical - deception
- Lack of
ecological
validity
- An example of
normative social
influence
- By-stander apathy
- Latane and Darley (1968)
- 75% singles reported
within 2 minutes
- 13% in groups reported
the smoke at all
- 75% singles reported
within 2 minutes
- Zimbardo (1973) - Social Roles
- Stopped after 6 days instead of 2 weeks
- By day 6 they were completely submissive to the guards
- 1 released after 1 day, 2
released after 4 days
- By day 6 they were completely submissive to the guards
- Prisoners
rebelled
after two
days
- Some prisoners
became depressed
and anxious
- Random assignment meant their
conformity to social roles was
not based on their personality
- Evaluation
- Ethics
- No protection from hard -
guilt, distress, humiliation
- No lasting effects
- Zimbardo as the warden and
researcher had issues
- No lasting effects
- Confidentiality -
arrested from
home
- No protection from hard -
guilt, distress, humiliation
- Demand characteristics - lab experiment with
someone saying they based their behaviour as
a guard off of a TV programme
- Ethics
- Stopped after 6 days instead of 2 weeks
- Types
- Obedience
- Milgram (1963)
- Mr Wallace, a confederate,
was always the learner
- Psychologists thought
only 1.2% would go to
the full 450V
- 65% went to
450V, 100% went
to 300V
- Milgram would say things
like 'I take responsibility'
and 'you have to
continue'
- Evaluation
- Ethics
- Protection from
harm - seizures,
sweats, laughing fits
- A follow-up showed
no lasting harm
- A follow-up showed
no lasting harm
- Deception - they
thought it was a
memory test
- They were fully debriefed
- They were fully debriefed
- Protection from
harm - seizures,
sweats, laughing fits
- Participants
thought it was real
- Can generalise, when using
women, the same level of
obedience was found
- Hofling - nurses and the
fake doctor shows real
life application of the
findings
- 84% said they were glad they
took part, 74% said they learnt
something important about
themselves.
- Ethics
- Variations of Milgram's study
- Seedy offices 47.5%
- Teacher and learner in the
same same room 40%
- Place hand on plate 30%
- Instructed by telephone 20.5%
- Seedy offices 47.5%
- Mandell (1998) argues it
provides an oversimplified
explanation for holocaust
behaviour
- Mr Wallace, a confederate,
was always the learner
- Bickman (1974)
- Field experiment
- Security guard 38%
- Milkman 14%
- Civilian 19%
- Field experiment
- Explanations for Obedience
- Legitimacy of authority
- We accept people have authority based on
their social role, it is determined by society so
that things run smoothly.
- Evaluation
- In Australia (Kilham and Mann (1974)
- Bickman (1974)
- In Australia (Kilham and Mann (1974)
- We accept people have authority based on
their social role, it is determined by society so
that things run smoothly.
- Legitimacy of authority
- Milgram (1963)
- Conformity
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