Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Lenin: Theme 4
- Industrial and employment benefits
- Successes
- Vast number of
jobs created
- Piecework rates expanded, increasing
opportunities to earn more money
- Rewards for
model workers
- More women employed giving
them more opportunities
- Failures
- Division at work
between industrial
workers and peasants
- Poor working
conditions
- Low productivity
- Labour shortages
- Long working hours
- Wage gap
- Housing benefits
- Successes
- Low rents
- Failures
- Slow to make
an impact
- Not enough housing to
meet the needs of all
- Distribution of housing based on
rank within the communist party
- Social benefits
- Successes
- Cheap food in
work canteens
- Work clothes
given for free
- State subsidised vacations
- Sick pay was given
- Healthcare controlled epidemics
- Cheap medicines
- Failures
- These provisions generally
not available in rural areas
- Women
- No longer needed husband's
permission to take a job or
study at university
- Equal pay for men and women made legal
in Dec 1917 with maternity leave granted,
but this was slow to have an impact
- Impact of civil war
- Women worked in factories, but
childcare provision was inadequate
- Government lacked
resources to build creches
- Women lost jobs when
soldiers returned
- After the war many were
left homeless, causing a
rise in prostitution
- Islamic Women
- Opportunities increased and female
brigade leaders and tractor drivers
were celebrated in films and posters
- But traditional Islamic attitudes
were slow to change with
resistance often violent
- Politics: female role was
limited throughout the
existence of the USSR
- Education
- Under Lunachevsky
- 1917: programme to provide free
compulsory education for all aged 7-17
- 1918: existing church schools
taken over by the government,
education at primary and
secondary level based on
comprehensive model
- Lack of resources during civil
war meant compulsory
education didn't materialise
- Higher education: from 1917, universities
were opened to all with courses laid on
for those with no formal qualifications
- Obstacles to expansion
- Civil war caused lack of
resources so many schools
had to shut during winter
- Low wages and status discouraged
people from becoming teachers
- School transport underfunded
- Adult education: short courses
introduced to teach adults
basic numeracy and literacy,
with evening classes as well
- Reduction of illiteracy
- 1919: Bolsheviks launched
programme to make all citizens
between 8 and 50 literate
- Liquidation points set up
where people could take
literacy classes
- Purpose of the curriculum
- Key role in instilling socialist values into the
population, securing support for the regime
and providing social stablility
- Used to attack traditional practices
and beliefs by reducing hold of
religion and superstition
- Bought sense of unity to different ethnic groups
- Enabled population to acquire
skills and expertise needed in
modern economy
- Early radicalism
- Corporal punishment forbidden
- Classrooms renamed
"laboratories of
learning"
- Children to have influential
voice in running of school
- Study themes like farming
and nature, no traditional
subjects and tests abolished
- Teaching emphasised
discovery, play and
group work
- Heavily influenced by those who wished to use
schools as miniature copies of socialist society
- Youth groups and informal education
- Octobrists: aged 5-9, simple nursery rhymes and games played
- Pioneers
- aged 10-12 had to undergo
an initiation ceremony
- Had to promise to love their country
and follow Lenin's teachings
- Had to wear a uniform
- Encouraged good behaviour in schools and
also provided sports, drama and leisure
activities which gave it more appeal
- Komsomol
- Aged 14-28, essential if you wanted
to be in the communist party