Pathology Tests

Pathology - Altered Tissue/cell damage

Lactic Acid ^ levels of lactic acid in the blood are indicative of lactic acidosis which means your cells are not making enough oxygen. This can be caused by Metabolic issues Heart attack Sepsis CHF Respiratory failure Ref range: .5 - 1 mmol/L  _________________________________________________________________________________ LDH - Lactate Dehydrogenase Indicates tissue injury - specifically injury/cell death in: Liver Kidneys Skeletal muscle Erythrocytes Ref range: 120 - 250 U/L _________________________________________________________________________________ CK - Creatine Kinase Intracellular enzyme released after injury/cell death of: Brain (CK-BB) Heart (CK-MB & MM) Skeletal muscle (CK-MM) _________________________________________________________________________________ Troponin - Protein released when myocardium is damaged ^ levels are indicative of MI that has reached the myocardium _________________________________________________________________________________ AST - Aspartate Aminotransferase  Raised levels are indicative of liver damage  Ref range: < 40 U/L ALT - Alanine Aminotransferase Raised levels indicative of liver damage.  Ref range: < 35 U/L The AST/ALT ratio is typically > 1 in alcoholic liver disease and < 1 in non-alcoholic liver disease. _________________________________________________________________________________ ALP - Alkaline Phosphatase  Higher levels indicative of liver or bone disease _________________________________________________________________________________ Lipase - Enzyme made by the pancreas Increased levels in the blood can be indicative of pancreatitis - however - it can be indicative of GIT issues also