WHAP: Chapter 12- The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia

I Can... Identify and Explain these features of the Song Dynasty: Use of Confucianism Imperial bureaucracies Mandate of Heaven Explain how Chinese Culture influenced areas nearby Heian Japan Spread of Buddhism Split of Buddhism (Theravada, Mahayana, & Tibetan Describe China innovation increasing its economy Dependence on Peasants and Artisan More production of textiles & porcelains Expanded Trade Netwroks (Grand Canal) Champa rice increasing food amounts innovation with Steel & Iron production

Religions in China Buddhism Xuanzang (SHWEN-ZAHNG): young Buddhist Monk  born in CHINA Sought accurate info on Buddhism- traveled to INDIA (629 AD) Emporer had mandated no one leave Chinese borders (had to sneak out) Guide abandoned him in the Gobi Desert Many other hardships (crossed three of the world's highest mountain ranges- Tian Shan, Hindu Kush, and Pamir) Arrived India (630 AD), studied/lived there for >12yrs brought books and knowledge back to China (645 AD) Hero's welcome and meeting with Emporer Devoted life to spreading Buddhism Universal adoption throughout China Foreign Religions in China: Han Dynasty: Confucianism, Daoism and cults honoring family ancestors Buddhism had little appeal at the time despite merchants traveling Silk Road (as early as 100 AD)  Fall of Han: introduction of other religion, including Nestorian Christianity, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, and Islam.  Communities (salvation religions) developed, but mostly for foreign merchants (not large following) Mahayana Buddhism became popular big community in Dunhang- built hundreds of cave temples w/ murals (600-1000 AD) attracted Chinese because of high morality standards, intellectual sophistication, and promise of salvation big community in Dunhang- built hundreds of cave temples w/ murals (600-1000 AD) attracted Chinese because of high morality standards, intellectual sophistication, and promise of salvation Conflict and Hostility w/ Buddhism: Buddhism big on studying texts for metaphysics, Chinese on practical stuff, and Daoism hardly no studying Buddhism emphasized abstanance from family and monastic lifestyle, while Chinese culture endorese fillial piety and having a family Daoists and Confucians resented- diminished resource of following Got gov. involed:(840 AD) Tang Emporers ordered closure of monestaries and expulsion of Buddhists, Zoroastrians, Nestorian Christians, and Manicheans Not entirely eradicated Buddhist missionaries altered message to Chinese audience:  "dharma" became the "dao" (daoistic 'the way') and nirvana (escape from reincarnation) "wuwei" (Daoistic noncompetition) Chan Buddhism- Chinese school of Buddhism, focused on sudden flashes of insight in search for enlightenment (mix of Buddhism and Daoism) Confucianism: Zhu Xing Neo-Confucianism: Confucianism returned, but with lots of Buddhist themes (studied metaphysics as well as political/moral thought, etc.) Song Emperors didn't persecute Buddhists, but endoresed native Chinese cultural traditions Influenced east Asia:  shaped political, philisophical, and moral thought for half a millenium in China and surrouding areas (i.e. Korea, Vietnam, and Japan)

Government: Sui Dynasty [Return of Centralized Imperial Rule](end of 500's AD) Fall of Han Dynasty = war, invasion, conquest, foreign rule (disrupted Chinese Society) Sui and Tang dynasties restored order era of rapid economic growth The Sui Dynasty (589-18 AD) Yang Jian- Chinese ruler, military campaigns brought China under centralized rule Established Sui dynasty (lasted less than 30 yrs), but centralized rule continued started as duke of Sui (northern China) (581 AD) claimed thrown and Mandate of Heaven for himself  (589 AD)  Sui Dynasty had full control over China Built strong centralized government  Infrastructure:  ordered construction projects Required high taxes and compulsory labor Grand Canal: series of artificial waterways that boosted trade (still functional today) Sui Yangdi  (604-618)  wanted to guide trade between north. and south. China Intended for trade of food crops from the Yangzi River valley established economic foundation that aided political and economic unity required millions of conscripted workers to build People revolt ( late 610 AD)  from compulsory labor & high taxes Emporer (Sui Yangdai) assassinated (618 AD) - dynasty ended

Overview: Sui and Tang Dynasties- Prosperity and Culture Sui and Tang dynasties= economic growth & stability Interactions with other nations Culture Spread Korea, Vietnam, and Japan

Government: Tang Dynasty [Return of Centralized Imperial Rule] The Tang Dynasty:  (618-907 AD) Rebel leader seized power after the death of Sui Yangdai- established Tang Dynasty organized China-powerful, productive, and prosperous society Tang Taizong (627-649 AD)-  Ruthless- murdered brothers for thone Established era of prosperity and stability- No banditry,  low taxes, low cost of rice saw himself a Confucian Ruler Capital city of Chang'an, secondary capital of Luoyan Policies- Trade/communication Networks:  inns, postal stations and stables along main routes Couriers, foot runners, and relay teams (information, news, and fresh food) Equal-Field System:  governed allocation of agricultural land allotted according to land fertility and needs of a family created stability and prosperity in Chinese countryside Worked for until early 700's AD -> collapsed because of pressure caused by population growth, corruption of nobles cheating the system, and Buddhist monasteries using big parcels Bureaucracy based on merit recruited gov. officials based on intellectual ability in Confucian Educational System Workers were thus loyal and hard-working Concept survived beyond Tang dynasty (Qing dynasty) Military Expansion biggest territorial empire in Chinese history Expanded- brought Silla Kingdom (Korea), northern Vietnam, high plateau of Tibet, and areas as far as the Aral Sea under control Established order:  Tribute System (from Han Dynasty) Foreign Relations Chinese Politcal Theory: China was the Middle Kingdom- must conquer/bring under control other lands (tributary states) Neighbors (tributary states) had to recognize authority of Chinese emperors, give regular gifts, and perform kowtow Kowtow:  ritual prostration; knelt before the emperor, foreheads on the ground Compliance= rulers of tributary states could remain 'in power' tentative rule, but stabalized trade, cultural exchanges, and diplomacy Decline: careless emperor -> An Lushan (military commander) led a rebellion, capturing the capital and secondary capital (755 AD) Tang forces recaptured capital (763 AD) by asking help of Turkish people (Uighurs) Uihgurs demanded rights to Chinese capital and Luoyang Tang house degraded- invasions of Turkish peoples, military commanders technically became leaders Last Tang Emperor abdicated throne (907 AD)     

Government: Song Dynasty [Return of Centralized Imperial Rule] The Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD) Rule: Warlords ruled until Song Dynasty imposed imperial rule (late 900's) Not a very strong state Mistrusted military leaders- focus on civil administration, industry, education, and the arts Song Taizu (reigned 960-976 AD) Military officer- honest & effective;  proclaimed emperor by his troops  used his army- Subjected warlords to authority & spread control of Song dynasty tried organizing central administration- military forces under tight supervision rulers expanded bureaucracy;  easier access to Confucian education, civil service examinations, more people, higher wages Downfall Finance- high salaries/more gov. = higher costs = higher taxes Bureaucratic scholars not good leading Military Confined to southern China (early 1100's AD) when Jurchen (nomads) captured capital of Kaifeng Mongols ended empire (1279 AD) 

Economics: Tang and Song China [Land of Economic Prosperity] Agricultural Development: Fast-Ripening Rice: two crops per year New Agricultural Techniques Heavy iron plows, harnessed oxen (north) and water buffaloes (south), manure, compost Extensive irrigation,  and terraced mountainsides Urbanization  population growth- From 45 million (600 AD)  to 115 million (1200 AD) Chang'an was world's mo. populated city of the time Market Economy: Commercial Market- inexpensive produce, exporting throughout and outside the empire Gov. played important role-  regulated dist. and production of military sensitive industries (e.g. iron) Foreign demand for chinese products Financial Instruments: used copper coins; shortage = introduced use of "letters to credit," then later some promissory notes, checks, and paper money Disorder when people wouldn't follow through on promises on temporary notes: mandated only government could print paper money (11th cent. AD) Accountability: see SOURCES FROM THE PAST below Cosmopolitan Society: trade by land and sea attracted merchants- Abbasid empire (Muslim), (central) Asia, Byzantine, Arab, Persian, Indian, Malay, etc. Chinese developed taste for exotic goods

Culture and Technological Developments: Tang and Song Dynasty Social Structures: respect of family ancestors: Sense of identity/connectedness in family patriarchal Foot-binding: tightly wrapping girls feet with cloth to prevent growth  couldn't walk- only used by wealthy families Technological and Industrial Development: Abundant food= pursuit of other things Porcelain: pottery better adapted to versatile use, lighter, and thinner- high demand by wealthy and other countries reputation: became known as chinaware Metallurgy: resulted in surge of iron and steel production- went into weaponry and tools Gunpowder: discovered highly flammable, military used in bamboo 'fire lances' (kind of flamethrower) and continued experimenting with potential use Fireworks, called "Chinese Flowers" (7th century )and use of rockets in military  Seismograph Printing: first used block-printing, developed until using reusable, movable type (mid 1000's AD Allowed mass production of Buddhist texts, Confucuan works, calendars, agricultural treatises, and popular works Popular in China, esp. SW  Naval Technology : aided in far nautical travel; magnetic compass,  Mariners used to stay close to land, but b/c of interest in spices/ecotic products from SE Asian Islands prompted innovations

Chinese Influence in East Asia: Chinese government/administration shaped public life in Korea, Vietnam, and Japan (inspiration) large scale expansion by Tang into Korea and Vietnam Silla Dynasty- chinese forces withdrew, Silla king recognized Tang emperor as overlord (tributary relationship) Gifts, performance of kowtow, etc. bought them gifts from China and allowed merchants to trade Korean interest in Chinese culture: began to model court after Chinese, scholars studied in China, Confucianism tradition, Buddhism gov. sponsorerd Chinese schools and Confucian examination system  Vietnam: Tang armies tried to assimilate Viets into Chinese system. Adopted agriculture, irrigation, chinese schools, and  administrative techniques, and entered tributary relationship Viets resented Chinese authority Women had more prominent role than in China: business ventures, markets, etc. Early Japan: not invade by China, but culture still influenced.  Earliest inhabitants- nomads from NE Asia (ice age land bridges) Agricultural society- small States (500 AD) Nara Japan (710-794 AD): one state claimed imperial authority (influenced by China) and sought to centralize power in Japan with an imperial house bureacracy, equal-field system, and official support for Confucianism and Buddhism Made capitol of Nara (710 AD) maintained Shinto (indigenous religon) ancestors, and nature spirits/deities Heian Japan (794-1185 AD): local rulers on island of Honshu recognized emperor as supreme authority Emperors: ceremonial figure (didn't really rule) Fujiwara Family had power- controlled rule in background longevity of house of emperors b/c no power= not deposed during turmoil literature/official business written in Chinese Decline: (late 1,000's AD) Heian court ended, equal-field system degraded, aristrocratic clans got mo. of land (estates) Two clans mo. powerful- Taira and Minamoto engaged in war Minamoto won (1185 AD) - claimed to rule in name of emperor (like Fujiwara family had) Shogun: military governor ruling in place of the emperor capitol at Kamakura Medieval Japan: the Kamukara (1185-1333 AD) and Muromachi (1336-1573 AD) periods- middle era between chinese influence/court domination and modern age Political decentralization: provincial lords had local authority (land and economic affairs) Valued military talent  and discipline over prev. ettiquite and courtesy- Samurai: professional warriors- had role in politics and military, specialized in force and arts of fighting (riding, archery, hunting, and martial arts) helped lords with enforce authority/territories, lords supported with food and labor service of peasants Still ultimately influenced long term by what they'd borrowed from China (Confucian values, Buddhism, system of writing, and centralized imperial rule)  

Summary: The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia  revival of centralized rule affected most of east Asia and eastern hemisphere Sui and Tang dynasties laid foundation of strong rule that allowed for industrial/technological innovation, rapid economic development Countries in region interconnected by trade routes- Silk Road,  and Sea Lanes Religions traded- Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Manichaens, Muslims, and most especially, Buddhism

In-Class Notes: Building on Chapter 12 Millennium Series: The Century of the Sword (1000's AD):  Modern China v. America government Federal System: government and states have power Chinese communism: government controls production American capitalism and balance of power: people control production, government keeps one another in check