Cells

Vocabulary: Atom~A unit of matter; the smallest unit of a chemical element.Nucleus~the central part of most cells that contains genetic material and is enclosed in a membrane (found in most living eukaryotic cells)Molecule~a group of atoms bonded togetherElement~any material (such as carbon, hydrogen, iron, or oxygen) that cannot be broken down into more fundamental substancesCompound~a thing that is composed of two or more separate elements; a mixture.Organelle~any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell.Cell~the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, typically microscopic and consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane. Microscopic organisms typically consist of a single cell, which is either eukaryotic or prokaryotic.Tissue~any of the layers/groups of cells which animals or plants are made, consisting of specialized cells and their products.Organ~a part of an organism that is typically self-contained and has a specific vital function, such as the heart or liver in humans.Organ System~a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions.Organism~an individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form.Chloroplast~an organelle that contains chlorophyll (makes plants green) and where photosynthesis happensRibosome~An organelle within the cytoplasm of a cell that is composed of RNA and protein and is the site of protein synthesisMitochondria~the powerhouse of a cell (organelle)Cell Division~the division of a cell into two daughter cells with the same genetic material.Cell Cycle~a series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and dividesMitosis~a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same DNACytokinisis~the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells.

Component SB.2.1Levels of Organization: Atoms Molecule Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism Component SB.2.2Nucleus: contains most genetic material in both plant and animal cellsChloroplast: contains chlorophyll and makes plants green, creates food for plants. None in animal cells.Ribosomes: makes protein in plant and animal cellsMitochondria: produces energy in both plant and animal cells.Component SB.2.3Mitosis splits off and can repair cells when organisms loose them and can repair even burns.

Chapter 2.11. A molecule is formed when two or more atoms join together chemically. A compound is a molecule that contains at least two different elements. All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds. A particular atom will have the same number of protons and electrons and most atoms have at least as many neutrons as protons. An element is a substance that is made entirely from one type of atom. For example, the element hydrogen is made from atoms containing just one proton and one electron.

Chapter 7.12. It contains all of the DNA and the genetic material that splits off during mitosis and is the first thing that needs to be duplicated to create two daughter cells3. Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus and typically have a cell wall. Eukaryotic ones are opposite. Eukaryotes are also usually multi cellular while prokaryotes are usually single celled

Chapter 7.24. Cytoplasm holds the internal components of cells in place and protects them from damage, while giving the cell its shape5. Chloroplasts work to convert light energy of the Sun into sugars that can be used by cells. it also contains chlorophyll (makes plants green)6. Makes protein7. Produces energy, the power house8. provides cells with structural support and protection. In addition, the cell wall acts as a filtering mechanism.9.The principal components of the plasma membrane are lipids, proteins, and carbs.The plasma membrane protects intracellular components from the extrcellular environment.

Chapter 10.1The larger a cell becomes, the more demands the cell places on its DNA. In addition, the cell has more trouble moving enough nutrients and wastes across the cell membrane. The resulting decrease in the cell's ratio surface area to volume makes it more difficult for the cell to move needed materials in and waste products out.

Chapter 10.2 The main events are interphase, during which the cell grows and replicates it's DNA, mitosis, during which the DNA divides, and cytokinesis, during which the cytoplasm divides.

Chapter 10.312. Transitions out of gap phases are regulated by cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases(CDK).13. Cancer cells are rapidly dividing cells that are no longer are controlled. Cancer cells can form tumors due to this unchecked growth.