What do ionic bonds form between?
Metals and metals
Metals and non-metals
Halogens and alkali metals
Carbon atoms
What is ionic bonding?
The transfer of electrons between atoms in order to become stable
A shared pair of electrons
Strong electrostatic forces of attraction between positive ions and a sea of de-localised electrons
What happens to metal atoms during ionic bonding?
They lose electrons
The gain electrons
They pair up
They are not involved in ionic bonding
What happens if an atom gains electrons?
A positive ion is formed
A negative ion is formed
oxidation
During the bonding of magnesium oxide:
Magnesium atoms lose electrons to become Mg-
Magnesium atoms lose electrons to become Mg2+
Magnesium atoms gain an electron to become Mg
Oxygen atoms gain electrons to become O2-
Oxygen atoms lose electrons to become O+
What are positive ions and negative ions held together by?
Glue
Weight
Attraction
Love
A sodium atoms only has one electron to lose but an oxygen atom needs to gain two electrons, what happens?
They compromise and sodium gives one and a half electrons to oxygen
Two sodium atoms bond with one oxygen atom
Two oxygen atoms bond with one sodium atom
What is the structure of Sodium Chloride?
Covalent lattice
Giant ionic lattice
Ionic sphere
When can sodium chloride conduct electricity?
In a solution
When it's molten
When it's a solid
When its extremely cold
Sodium chloride and magnesium oxide have:
High melting points
Low boiling points
Strong electrostatic attractions between ions
weak intermolecular forces
The melting point of MgO is higher than NaCl because magnesium ions are smaller so they can get closer to oxygen ions, making the bond stronger therefore more energy is needed to break the bonds.
Covalent bonding occurs between...
Non-metals and non-metals
What is covalent bonding?
A shared pair of electrons between atoms
The donation of electrons from one atom to another
Ions which are held together by attraction
What substances have low melting points due to their simple molecular structure?
Sodium chloride
Carbon dioxide
Water
Graphite
Why does carbon dioxide not conduct electricity?
There are no free electrons
It's not a metal and only metals conduct electricity
It's not a solid and only solids conduct electricity
Who arranged the elements in order in a table and left gaps where he thought new elements would be found?
Mendeleev
Newlands
Bohr
What are the properties of alkali metals (group 1 elements)
They react vigorously with water
The metal reacts with water to make a metal hydroxide
When they react with water hydrogen is given off
As you go down group 1...
reactivity increases
melting point increases
melting point decreases
reactivity decreases
density increases
They become harder
they become softer
If electrons are lost, the process is called...
reduction
displacement
saponification
What's the first step to carrying out a flame test?
The flame wire is moistened in dilute hydrochloric acid
The flame test wire is dipped into the solid chemical
Lithium, potassium or sodium are burnt
If the flame burns red, what element is present?
Lithium
Potassium
Sodium
Rubidium
If potassium is present in a compound, what colour will the flame burn?
red
lilac
yellow
orange
What colour and state is bromine at room temperature and what can it be used for?
Orange
Black
Colourless
Solid
Liquid
Used in fire extinguishers and plastics
Used in cooking
Used as a disinfectant
The reactivity of halogens increases as you go down group 7
If a halogen is bubbled through a solution of a metal halide, what are the two possible outcome?
A displacement reaction
No reaction
A redox reaction
A precipitate reaction
What colours are these transition metal compounds?
Copper compounds are often blue Iron (II) compounds are often grey Iron (III) compounds are often green
Copper compounds are often orange Iron (II) compounds are often brown Iron (III) compounds are often blue/grey
Copper compounds are often blue Iron (II) compounds are often green Iron (III) compounds are often orange/brown
Transition metals can often be used as catalysts, e.g....
Nickel in the manufacture of margarine
Iron in the haber process
Yeast in fermentation
Tin in the contact process
If a transition metal carbonate is heated, it undergoes thermal decomposition and forms what?
Metal oxide + carbon dioxide
Metal halide + water
Metal hydroxide + water
Sodium hydroxide solution reacts with compounds of each transition metal to make a solid of a particular colour. What is the name of this type of reaction?
Precipitation
Thermal decomposition
Displacement
Redox
What colour is the precipitate formed by sodium hydroxide and iron(III)?
A blue solid
A green gelatinous solid
An orange/brown gelatinous soild
A grey/white solid
What are the physical properties of metals?
Ductile
Malleable
Sonorous
Good thermal conductors
Poor electrical conductors
Metals have high melting and boiling points due to their strong metallic bonds
What's a metallic bond?
A strong force of electrostatic attraction between close-packed positive ions and a sea of de-localised electrons
When to metals are melted together
Why do metals conduct electricity?
The delocalised electrons can move easily and create a current
The positive ions can move around
What's a superconductor?
A material that conducts electricity with little or no resistance
A material that conducts electricity at very high temperatures
A material that can conduct electricity in space
What are the benefits of super conductors?
Loss-free power transmittion
Super-fast electronic circuits
powerful electromagents
They're cheap to make
What is sedimentation?
chemicals are added to make solid particles and bacteria settle out
sediment is added to water
Water is passed through sand to get rid of fine particles
Filtration of water is when a layer of sand on gravel filters out the remaining fine particles
What does chlorination do?
Kills microbes
Changes the taste of the water
Adds chlorine for nutritional value
Barium chloride + magnesium sulphate -->
Barium sulphate (white precipitate) + magnesium chloride
Barium sulphate (yellow precipitate) + sodium chloride
Barium chloride (white precipitate) + magnesium + carbon dioxide
Barium sulphate (yellow precipitate) + magnesium chloride
What chemical can be used to test water?
silver hydroxide
silver nitrate
Copper nitrate
copper carbonate
