How many pairs of genes do we have?
23
46
12
16
Define Mitosis
Sexual reproduction - chromosome pairs of 2 parents integrating and mixing genetic information, and producing 4 cells, each with 1/4 of the number of chromosomes from the original cells.
Regular reproduction and replication of body tissue - a single cell divides, producing 2 cells.
Sexual reproduction - chromosome pairs of 2 parents integrating and mixing genetic information, and producing 4 cells, each with 1/2 of the number of chromosomes from the original cells.
An error in cell reproduction, resulting in mutations
Define Meiosis
Sexual reproduction - chromosome pairs of 2 parents integrating and mixing genetic information, and producing 2 cells, each with 1/2 of the number of chromosomes from the original cells.
Sexual reproduction - chromosomes pairs of 2 parents integrating and mixing genetic information, and producing 4 cells, each with 1/4 of the number of chromosomes from the original cells.
Sexual reproduction - chromosomes pairs of 2 parents integrating and mixing genetic information, and producing 6 cells, each with 1/3rd of the number of chromosomes from the original cells.
What are the 4 types of mutations?
Inversion, containments, transbiosis, synductions
Containments, Deletions, duplications, transbiosis
Inversions, deletions, duplications, translocations
Translocations, duplications, inversions, synductions
Which of the following is an example of a dominant-recessive gene relationship? Tick all that apply
Mathematical ability / creative ability
Red hair / blonde hair
Brown eyes/ blue eyes
Tall height / short height
Cystic Fibrosis is an example of a disorder in which gene?
Dominant gene
Recessive gene
Co-dominance
None of the above
What are the chances of inheriting a genetic disorder stemming from a dominant gene?
1 in 6
1 in 4
1 in 20
1 in 2
What is the chromosomal abnormality that occurs in Down Syndrome?
Only 18 chromosome pairs instead of 26
XO expression instead of XX
3 chromosomes instead of 2
1 chromosome instead of 2
What does the process of Amniocentesis do?
Prenatally diagnoses genetic disorders of the foetus through taking tissue sample, or needling the chromosome.
Prenatally diagnoses genetic disorders through ultrasound
Prenatally examines risk of down syndrome through testing the fluid at the back of the neck
Prenatally diagnoses genetic disorders through pre-implantation (IVF treatment).
What is the % of shared genes of monozygotic and dizygotic twins?
MZ = 100% DZ = 50%
MZ = 50% DZ = 50%
MZ = 25% DZ = 75%
MZ = 75% DZ = 25%
What are some of the limitations of twin studies? Select all that apply
Experiments are naturalistic so we cannot manipulate the surrounding environment
There are more fraternal twins than identical, which gives a less accurate picture of environmental influences
No random allocation
Some parents believe mistakenly believe their twins are monozygotic rather than dizygotic, and vice versa
Twin studies are considered unethical
What are some of the limitations of adoption studies? Select all that apply
Experimenters have to seek out flaws in environment due to screening
Parents are screened for eligibility, therefore not a lot of variation in immediate family environments
Children who know they are adopted may respond differently in a shared environment
Experiments are naturalistic so we cannot manipulate environment
What did Caspi et al (2003) discover in their study regarding vulnerability to depression?
That there is relatively the same risk for developing depression after 4 + stressful life events regardless of your genetic predispositions
That you are more likely to develop depression after 2+ stressful life events if you have 1 high risk gene, and one protective gene, than if you have 2 high risk genes
That possessing 2 protective genes means you are more vulnerable to depression
That the more high risk genes you possess, the less stressful life events it will take for you to become depressed
At age 7, Sarah began to demonstrate really sophisticated and eloquent writing skills for someone her age, and was very advanced in mathematics. Her parents noticed these talents and arranged for her to attend gifted and talented programs within the school. What gene-environment correlation does this represent?
Passive
Evocative
Active
Inactive
What are some environmental risks to a child before pregnancy? Select all that apply
Mother's genetic makeup
History of substance abuse, or toxin exposure in the mother or father
Age of mother and father at time of conception
Paternal chronic illness
Inadequate nutrition in childhood or adolescence of the mother
At what phase during pregnancy is most vulnerable to the impact of teratogens?
Foetal
Germinal
Embyronic
At what phase, and how many weeks along, does the heartbeat develop?
Germinal period, 2 weeks
Embryonic period, 3 weeks
Embryonic period, 4 weeks
It varies for every child
How can teratogens impact the foetus during the Foetal period of pregnancy?
They rarely influence at this stage of pregnancy
This is the time they are most susceptible, and major structural abnormalities can occur
This is the time they are most susceptible, and major structural abnormalities occur in the organ systems
There is less of an impact, but it is still vulnerable to minor structural abnormalities, as well as damage to certain organ systems
Which phase of pregnancy is the most rapid period of development?
Embryonic
How many weeks along is it regular for foetus to develop a circadian rhythm?
18 - 20
24
28
What are some characteristics of the mother that can impact development during pregnancy? Select all that apply.
The dialogue she engages in
Age
Short, intense periods of stress
Prolonged periods of stress
Physical health
What are some early risks to postnatal development? Select all that apply
Parental temperament
Toxin exposure during pregnancy
Premature labour
Caregiving capacity of parents
Living circumstances of parents
A new mother develops postpartum depression, and as a result, takes less care of herself, and further engages in risky behaviours such as excessive drinking or smoking. What is this a good example of?
Additive risk model
Negative factors
Multiple stressor model
Cumulative risk model
