Central Nervous System
(CNS) Consists of the brain and spinal cord, which perform very specific functions
Consists of nerves
Peripheral Nervous System
PNS Consists of numerous pairs of nerves that exit the spinal column at vertebral level (spinal bones; Vertebrae)
PNS Consists of octic nerves that enhance peripheral vision
What are Afferent Nerves, and what do they do?
Sensory nerves that carry information FROM the body TO the central nervous system (CNS)
Sensory nerves that carry information TO the body FROM the central nervous system (CNS)
What are Efferent Nerves, and what do they do?
MOTOR NERVES which carry information FROM the CNS TO the body parts.
Motor NERVES which carry information TO the CNS from the body parts.
What is ANS, and what does it do?
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, maintains a stable internal environment. Governs the vital organs and their complex functions that are normally carried out INVOLUNTARILY. Ex. Breathing, circulation, digestion, elimination and the immune response. Has TWO major divisions: The Sympathetic and The Parasympathetic.
AUTOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, maintains a stable internal environment. Governs the vital organs and their complex functions that are normally carried out VOLUNTARILY. Ex. Breathing, circulation, digestion, elimination and the immune response. Has THREE major divisions: The Sympathetic and The Parasympathetic and The Nervous
The Sympathetic Nervous System governs the flight or fright reaction.
The Sympathetic Nervous System decreases heart rate, blood pressure etc.
What is the Parasympathetic Nervous System, and what does it do?
Regulates INVOLUNTARY activities that keep the body running smoothly under normal, everyday conditions.
Regulates VOLUNTARY activities that keep the body running smoothly under stressful situations.
What is a muscle?
A muscle is the fleshy part of the body that enables the skeleton to move. Contracts in response to nervous command.
A muscle is the fleshy part of the body that enables the tendons to move. Contracts in response to nervous command.
What are skeletal muscles?
Skeletal muscles involuntary; they do not function with the horses movement.
Skeletal muscles are voluntary; they function in the horses movement.
These muscles are involuntary, or autonomic; they play a part in the digestive, respiratory, circulatory, and urogenital systems.
Cardiac and Smooth Muscles
Skeletal and Cardiac Muscles
Smooth and Skeletal Muscles
Cardiac and Skeletal Muscles
The Muscle Belly is the fleshy part of the muscle that contracts in response to a nervous command.
The Muscle Spindle and the Golgi Apparatus are the same thing.
Nerve endings of the muscle spindle prevent overstretching of the muscle fibers.
What are the two types of sensory nerve endings?
Origin Tendon and Insertion Tendon
Fast Twitch Fibers and Slow Twitch Fibers
Golgi Apparatus and Muscle Spindle
What is the Golgi Apparatus?
Seals the capsular ligament (Joint Capsule) which produces a viscous, lubricating, secretion.
One of two types of sensory nerve endings in the muscles. Nerve endings of this prevent over stretching of the muscle fibers. This nerve fiber coils around the length of the muscle bundle.
One of two types of sensory nerve endings in the muscles. These nerve endings send feedback impulses to the brain as to the whereabouts of the muscles, this process is referred to as proprioception (being aware of the body and its actions)
What is a contracture?
Connective tissue that covers, supports and separates the muscle bundles and the whole muscle itself.
A dense white fibrous tissue, much like that of a ligament.
The portion of the muscle that attaches to the bone.
When the muscles do not release, staying contracted, resulting in a spasm.
Fast Twitch Fibers are....
AEROBIC FIBERS; they NEED oxygen in order to do their job. They also have strong endurance qualities. ST and FT are genetically inherited, some breeds are bred specifically for their tendency to have more slow twitch or fast twitch fibers. Ex. ST- Draft Horse, for endurance. FT - Quarter horse, for speed.
ANAEROBIC FIBERS; they DO NOT need oxygen to work and are therefore able to deliver the quick muscular effort required for a sudden burst of speed. They are only able to perform for a short amount of time. ST and FT are genetically inherited, some breeds are bred specifically for their tendency to have more slow twitch or fast twitch fibers. Ex. ST- Draft Horse, for endurance. FT - Quarter horse, for speed.
Slow Twitch Fibers....
Are ANAEROBIC FIBERS; they DO NOT need oxygen to work and therefore able to deliver the quick muscular effort required for a sudden burst of speed. ST and FT are genetically inherited, some breeds are bred specifically for their tendency to have more slow twitch or fast twitch fibers. Ex. ST- Draft Horse, for endurance. FT - Quarter horse, for speed.
Are AEROBIC FIBERS; they need oxygen in order to do their job. They require a good supply of blood to bring oxygen to them and to remove waste products created during exercise. ST and FT are genetically inherited, some breeds are bred specifically for their tendency to have more slow twitch or fast twitch fibers. Ex. ST- Draft Horse, for endurance. FT - Quarter horse, for speed.
What is connective tissue?
Covers, supports, and separates the muscle bundles and the whole muscle itself.
A dense, white, fibrous tissue, much like that of a ligament.
What is Fascia?
Covers, supports and separates the muscle bundles and the whole muscle itself. This arrangement allows for greater support, strength, and flexibility in the movement between each of the muscle groups.
Muscles are attached to the bone by Fascia.
What attaches bone and muscles together?
Fascia
Tendons
ligaments
What does the Insertion Tendon do?
Attaches the muscle to the least movable bone
Attaches the muscle to the movable bone, so that on contraction the insertion is brought closer to the origin.
What is the Origin Tendon?
Attaches the muscle to the least movable bone.
What does a Ligament do?
Attaches the muscles to the bones.
Holds bones together.
