Which of the following are functions of the kidneys
Excretion of wastes
Production of hormones
Regulation of pH
Regulation of blood pressure
All of the above
Regarding blood supply to the kidneys, a portal system exists where
Blood flows from the efferent arteriole to the peritubular capillaries and then out to renal veins
Blood flows from the afferent arteriole to the glomerular capillaries and then into efferent arteriole
Blood flows from the vasa recta into renal veins
Blood flows from the renal tubules into renal pelvis
3 basic processes occur in the nephron of the kidney in order to produce urine. They are
Filtration, absorption and urination
Secretion, excretion and reabsorption
Fitration, excretion and secretion
Filtration, reabsorption and secretion
The majority of the reabsorption that occurs in the nephron takes place in the
Glomerular capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Hormonal control of water and salt balance takes place at the
Collecting duct
TRUE or FALSE The amount of solute excreted in the urine is equal to the amount of solute that is secreted from the peritubular capillaries into the lumen of the renal tubules
When referring to renal function, what is meant by the term filtrate?
It is the blood that enters the glomerulus via the afferent arteriole
It is the plasma that is filtered from the glomerulus into the glomerular capsule
It is the solutes that are secreted from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule lumen
It is the plasma that exits the glomerulus in the efferent arteriole
Under normal conditions, what percentage of plasma is filtered into the glomerular capsule at the renal corpuscle
80%
20%
99%
1%
TRUE OR FALSE The 3 pressures that determine filtration of plasma from the glomerular capillaries into the glomerular capsule are: hydrostatic pressure of blood flowing through capillaries, colloid osmotic pressure created by proteins in capillaries, and hydrostatic pressure of fluid in the glomerular capsule
Glomerular filtration rate is influenced by
Filtration pressure
Surface area of capillaries available for filtration
Permeability of capillaries in the capsule
TRUE or FALSE Local controls regulate the resistance in the afferent and efferent arterioles and this results in a relatively constant glomerular filtration rate(GFR) despite fluctuations in blood pressure that occur
If the walls of the afferent arteriole are stretched due to an increase in blood pressure, this will result in
Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole and decreased GFR
Vasodilation of the afferent arteriole and increased GFR
Increased blood will force its way through the arteriole and this will result in increased GFR
None of the above
The specialised region of the kidney that monitors blood pressure and salt and water balance is the
Bowmans capsule
Peritubular capillaries
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
TRUE or FALSE The 2 local controls that act in the kidney to regulate glomerular filtration rate are neural control via sympathetic stimulation and hormonal control via angiotensin and prostaglandins
TRUE or FALSE When GFR increases, the feedback from the juxtaglomerular apparatus will result in a decrease in GFR via vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole
As the kidney tubules have the same solute concentration as the ecf, in order for solutes and water to be reabsorbed from the filtrate in the tubule lumen back into the peritubular capillaries
Na+ must be reabsorbed via active transport into the ecf
Active sodium reabsorption is required in order to create an electrochemical gradient that drives reabsorption of anions
Active sodium reabsorption and subsequent anion reabsorption must occur first, then water will follow via osmosis
TRUE or FALSE Under normal conditions, glucose is filtered into the proximal tubule and is excreted in the urine
When glucose transporters in the proximal tubule have reached saturation
Glucose will be excreted in the urine
Glucose will continue to be reabsorbed in the loop of Henle and distal tubule until all is reabsorbed
Extra transporters will be added to the tubule membrane to ensure all glucose is reuptaken
Glucose concentration will build up in the proximal tubule and less glucose will be filtered at the glomerulus
The transfer of molecules from the peritubular capillaries to the lumen of kidney tubules is known as
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
Excretion
Secretion of substances from peritubular capillaries to tubule lumen is achieved mainly via
Passive diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Secondary active transport
Exocytosis
TRUE or FALSE Normal urine contains glucose, amino acids water and electrolytes
TRUE or FALSE Renal clearance is a measure of how many mLs of plasma per minute are cleared of a certain solute eg; if the GFR is 100 mL/min, and if 100% of the solute is reabsorbed, then the renal clearance will be 100 mL/min
TRUE or FALSE Urination occurs as the result of a reflex loop that begins with the stimulus of increased stretch on receptors in the bladder wall
