JMS 2

What is the most worrying complication of sinusitis and occurs most commonly in children?

Describe chandler's classification of periorbital cellulitis

Describe the A to E approach in a patient who is acutely unwell

What is given to a patient who has had an opioid overdose?

Describe what signs you would see in a patient with sepsis and what approach you take

What is seen in a patient with peritonitis on examination?

What is given in acute asthma?

Why may a normal CO2 value be misleading and potentially serious in a patient suffering from a severe asthma attack

What are the complications of sinusitis?

What is trismus?

What are the three main differentials of a midline neck lump and how can you quickly distinguish between them?

What is a cholesteatoma?

What kind of weakness is described in a patient with NMJ problems?

Describe the set of signs in a patient with cerebellar problems?

What is the first line treatment of rhinosinusitis?

What are the surgical options in a patient with rhinosinusitis?

Describe the staging of haemorrhage in terms of blood loss, response and treatment

What is little's area?

What are the surgical options for epistaxis?

What is leukoplakia?

5 main risk factors for head and neck cancer

What is the alternative name for a pharyngeal pouch and what are the main presenting complaints?

What is sarcoidosis?

What is hepatopulmonary syndrome and what is it's pathogenesis?

What is carbocisteine?

Why do you not cauterise epsitaxis on both sides?

What is an important consideration when administering naseptin?

Which test can be used to determine whether a fluid is CSF?

Describe the benefits of FNA vs excision biopsy for neck lumps

What are the 5 T's of referred ear pain?

What is an important consideration in a patient with bacterial tonsilitis with a differential of glandular fever?

What is hot potato voice a sign of?

What is important to do in a patient with epiglotitis?

What is steakhouse syndrome and how serious is it?

Describe the embryology of the hypothalamus

Describe the embryology of the anterior pituitary

Describe the embryology of the posterior pituitary

Describe the location of the pituitary and how this is clinically important. How are the posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus connected

Describe the divisions of the anterior pituitary

Describe the blood supply/drainage to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

Describe the blood supply/drainage of the posterior pituitary

Describe the connection between the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus

Describe the connection between the posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus

List the hormones of the hypothalamus, the cells they effect in the anterior pituitary and the effect it has

Give the first 3 main hormones of the anterior pituitary, what they are produced by (cell type), the effect they have and what stimulates and suppresses them

Give the second 3 main hormones of the anterior pituitary, what they are produced by (cell type), the effect they have and what stimulates and suppresses them

What are the two hormones of the posterior pituitary, what are they produced by and what is their effect. what are the stimualted and suppressed by?

What are the 5 main causes and 4 very rare causes of disorders of the hypothalamus and pituitary

What is sheehan's syndrome?

What investigations can be employed to assess disorders of the hypothalamus and the pituitary?

What are the three main forms of treatment for disorders of the pituitary and the hypothalamus?

Describe the test used to assess whether a person has excess GH

What are the treatment options for acromegaly?

Why would a person with acromegaly have changes with their vision?

What is the most common cause of acromegaly and what are the clinical symptoms? between

Which other conditions are associated with acromegaly?

What screening tests would you perform to confirm a diagnosis of excess cortisol ()? Describe them.

What are the three main causes of cushing's syndrome? Which tests do you perform to work out which it is?

What is the treatment for cushing's syndrome?

What are the clinical symptomsof cushing's syndrome?

What other conditions are patients with cushing's syndrome at risk of?

What tests are performed in a patient you suspect has excess prolactin?

How is hyperprolactinaemia treated?

What are the causes of hypoerprolactinaemia?

What are the clinical symptoms of hyperprolactinaemia?

What other conditions are patients who have hyperprolactinaemia at risk of?

In hypopituitarism, which hormones are tested for in a basal blood test and which are done with dynamic testing?

What are the causes of hypopituitarism?

Give the clinical symptoms and signs of a patient with corticotrophin deficiency

Give the clinical symptoms of a patient with thyroid hormone deficiency

Give the clinical symptoms and signs of a patient with gonadotrophin deficiency

Give the clinical symptoms and signsof a patient with androgen deficiency

Give the clinical symptoms of a patient with growth hormone deficiency

What is the name of the condition when a lack of ADH results in dilute urine and a constant thirst?

What is the first investigation are performed if you suspect a patient has a problem with their ADH release?

If a patient has been confirmed as having diabetes insipidus, what is the second investigation carried out?

What are the symptoms of diabetes insipidus?

What are the causes of cranial DI?

What are the causes of nephrogenic DI?

How is DI treated?

What is the name given for excess ADH and what can this be a cause off? How can this cause be distinguished form the other causes of this condition?

What are the signs and symptoms of hyponatraemia?

With regards to the breast, a hard, irregular, tethered lump is indicative of...

With regards to the breast, a smooth, rounded and mobile lump is indicative of....

Diffuse nodularity of the breast suggests a....

What is the most common cause of nipple retraction in young women?

Which two views are taken in a mammography?

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of performing mammography

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of performing ultrasound imaging of the breast

What are the main differentials of a stellate mass on mammogram?

What surgical procedures are carried out in breast cancer?

What are the pros and cons of axillary block dissection?

Which reconstructive surgeries are performed in women with breast cancer?

When is radiotherapy used in breast cancer?

When is hormone manipulation therapy used in breast medicine? Give examples of agents used some extra info on them

When is chemotheapy used in breast medicine, give some example of agents and info on them.

When is immunotherapy used in breast medicine, give some examples of agents and some extra info on them.

What are the four main pathological processes involved in a fibrocystic breast change?

describe the aetiology of acute bacterial mastitis

Describe the differences in pathology between acute bacterial mastitis and periductal mastitis

Describe the differences in age range between acute bacterial mastitis and periductal mastitis

Describe the differences in history/examination between acute bacterial mastitis and periductal mastitis

Describe duct ectasia

How is the anterior triangle of the neck further divided and what are the contents of each triangle?

How is the posterior triangle of the neck further divided and what are the contents of each triangle?

What mnemonic can be used for describing a neck mass?

Give some causes of lymphadenopathy

Firm rubbery non-tender lymph nodes are usually associated with....

Where do tumours from the head and neck normally metastaise to

Where do tumours of the chest and abdomen usually metastaise to in the necl?

Where does a branchial cyst present and how do they arise?

Describe a laryngocele

What are cervical ribs and why are they a problem?

Describe a carotid body tumour

What are cystic hygromas?

What is the most likely diagnosis of a neck lump in the anterior triangle, presenting as a smooth swelling in front of the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

What is the most likely diagnosis of a neck lump in the anterior triangle, presenting as a painless, smooth, cystic, midline swelling that moves upward on swallowing and on protrusion of the tongue?

Which disease of the neck is palmar erythema a sign of?

What is onycholysis and what is it a sign of?

What is thyroid acropachy?

What is facial myxoedema and in which condition is it seen?

What are exophthalmos and lid retrtaction signs of and how do they occur?

infront of which tracheal rings does the thyroid gland lie?

What is the classical triad of graves disease? How is this disease caused?

What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism?

What is De Quervain's thyroiditis? Describe the pathogenesis and how it is treated.

What are patients who are on antithyroid drugs at risk of? How should this be managed clinically?

Describe the genetics of medullary thyroid carcinomas

Where do the four types of thyroid tumours metastasise to?

What is fatiguable weakness of muscle groups associated with?

Describe the muscles that are used in the hand to test the integrity of the three nerves of the hand

Where does the olfactory nerve enter the brain stem?

What makes the olfactory pathway unique?

Would a patient with an olfactory nerve lesion be able to smell ammonia?

Describe the general rule of thumb for abdominal pain and where it refers to

What are the red flags in patients with abdominal pain?

What does sudden onset severe abdominal pain suggest?

Describe biliary colic

What things are suggestive of an upper GI BLEED?

How is a blood test used to diagnose pancreatitis?

What are the three most useful diagnostic bedside tests for local peritonitis?

Give five causes of generalised peritonitis

What is the clinical presentation of generalised peritonitis

What investigations are used to diagnose generalised peritonitis?

What is the management for generalised peritonitis?

What are the complications of peritonitis if not treated?

What are the risk factors for peptic/duodenal ulcers?

How can peptic ulcers become life threatening?

What mnemonic is used to predict perforation risk for a peptic/duodenal ulcer?

What is the classical presentation of a perforated gastric or duodenal ulcer?

What is the treatment of H. pylori positive on breath test?

What are the complication of pancreatitis?

What are grey-turner's a nd cullen's signs and why are they important?

Which pneumonic helps to remember the causes of pancreatitis?

How is pain from pancreatitis relieved?

What are the complications of severe pancreatitis?

What investigations are used to diagnose pacreatitis?

What is the management of acute pancreatitis?

What is the most important investigation in a patient presenting with what you believe is generalised peritonitis?

What are gall stones?

What is cholecystitis?

What is cholangitis?

What is ascending cholangitis?

What is the clinical presentation of acute cholecystitis?

What are the investigation for cholecystitis?

What is the management of cholecysitits?

Elevated Alk. phos and bilirubin, pruritis and icterus. What is this complication of gall stones?

Jaundice, RUQ pain, rigors, elevated CRP. What is this complication of gall stones?

Epigastric pain, anorexia, vomiting, oedema. What is this complication of gall stones?

Distended abdomen, generalised tenderness, absent bowel sounds. What is this complication of gall stones?

What is the appendix?

What is the pathophysiology of appendicitis?

What are the peak ages for appendicitis?

When are instances of appendicitis more common?

What is the clinical presentation of acute appendicitis?

What are the signs of appendicitis?

What is the accuracy rate for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis? Which demographics are most commonly misdiagnosed?

How can examination and investigations steer yours diagnosis of appendicits in women of child bearing age?

A 25 year old woman presents to the emergency department with a 24 hour history of right lower quadrant pain, nausea and anorexia. What is the most likely diagnosis? What would be found on investigation in this patient?

A 45 year old man presents to his GP with intermittent upper abdominal pain that does not radiate anywhere and is worse on lying down and after eating. The surgery has no records of his vaccinations. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 19 year old woman presents to the emergency department with lower abdominal pain, fever and dysuria. She admits to recently having unprotected sex. Urinalysis is negative for protein or leukocytes. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 35 year old male presents to the emergency department with lower right quadrant pain, constipation, vomiting. He has a history of gallstones and thinks he had his gallbladder removed. FBC, CRP and U and Es have come back normal. What is the most likely diagnosis?

What is the alvarado score used for, describe it.

Give examples of bowel obstruction

What are the symptoms and signs of bowel obstruction?

How do you distinguish between small and large bowel obstruction?

How do you distinguish betwee large and small bowel obstruction of plain X ray?

What is the management of bowel obstruction?

Describe how diverticula form

how common are diverticulas?

Define diverticulosis

Define acute diverticulitis. What is the clinical presentation?

What is the treatment of acute diverticulitis?

How can diverticuliis lead to tachycardia, hypotension, pallor, thirst and hypothermia?

How can diverticulitis lead to dysuria, vaginal discomfort and cystitis?

Give a brief clinical summary of diverticulitis

Give a brief clinical summary of perionitis

Give a brief clinical summary ofperforated ulcers

Give a brief clinical summary of pancreatitis

Give a brief clinical summary of cholecytisi and gall stone disease