Augustine (354-430
CE)

Thomas Aquinas
(1224-1274)

Synderesis

Conscientia

Prudence

“Vincible ignorance”

“Invincible ignorance”

Bishop Joseph
Butler (1692-1752)

Cardinal John Henry
Newman (1801-1890)

Sigmund Freud
(1856-1939)

Erich Fromm (1900-
1980)

The “authoritarian conscience”.

The “humanistic conscience”.

Jean Piaget (1896-
1980)

Heteronymous
morality

Autonomous morality

Psychopaths

Adam Smith (1723-1790)

The Ideal Observer

The Ideal Observer
Theory

David Hume (1711-
1776)