Alyssa Elligson
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Criminology

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CC 100- (6) History of Criminological Theory

Frage 1 von 29

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To be good, a theory must be logical , with premises that support a conclusion

Wähle eins der folgenden:

  • WAHR
  • FALSCH

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Frage 2 von 29

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Good theory should make about reality that can be tested

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Frage 3 von 29

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KEY: do not emerge in isolation but, rather reflect what has gone on in the past and what is happening at the time of being proposed

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Frage 4 von 29

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Positivist School- notion of criminality as an inherited (genetic) propensity

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A. Reflection of Charles Darwin's 1959 theory of evolution

  • B. Gregor Mendel's 1865 work on genetics

  • C. a school of thought that attributed criminal behaviour to biological or psychological factors - often referred to as "Italian school"

  • D. All of the above

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Frage 5 von 29

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Chicago School:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • the first school of sociology in US

  • contributed to social disorganization theory, cultural transmission theory, differential association theory, subcultural theory, the sociology of deviance and symbolic interactionism

  • both 1 and 2

  • none

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Frage 6 von 29

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Theories of crime inspired by Religious beliefs & superstition:

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

  • belief in evil spirits & magic

  • ascribed unusual phenomenon of nature to activities of evil spirits -leading to any pathology in human behaviour must be due to evil spirits

  • temptation- humans have free will, but Devil tempts (can resist through faith)

  • Possession- wrongdoers are possessed by evil spirits- severe and fatal methods used to rid person of spirits

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Frage 7 von 29

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Blaming social problems on the Devil was a means to achieve 2 objectives:

1. diversion of ( attention, thoughts, crimes ) away from failings and placed blame on individuals who were possessed

2. those in power made themselves indispensable by saying only they could stop the Devil

distinction between ( sin and crime, crime and religion, crime and authority ) was blurred (rise of influence of civil & religious authority)

Witches became a ( scapegoat, problem, displacement ) for anger

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Frage 8 von 29

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the Enlightenment:

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

  • revolution caused a change in thinking - focus on systematic doubt, empirical and sensory verification of ideas

  • ideas shift to natural explanations based on reason and the scientific method (observation)

  • prompted a more specific approach to understanding crime & criminal behaviour

  • added ideas of fanaticism and religious superstition

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Frage 9 von 29

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Classical school of criminology c the way criminals were dealt with, c absence of due process, and a the death penalty & use of torture to extract confessions

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Frage 10 von 29

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people voluntarily enter a social contract with the state:

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

  • give up some freedom for a safer society

  • state had to provide protection without violating rights of citizens

  • citizens had to obey rules or face punishment from state

  • roots of classical theory lie here

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Frage 11 von 29

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Core Principles:
Human beings as rational, logical actors

( Hedonism, Freedom, Hostility )- view that pleasure is the primary good, pursuit of pleasure

( Utilitarianism, Utilise it, Goodwill )- philosophy suggests reasoned decisions will produce the greatest good for the greatest #

( Free Will, Freedom ) choices are not conditioned or determined by factors external to itself

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Frage 12 von 29

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Cesare Beccaria:

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

  • criticized the cruelty, inhumanity, and arbitrariness of current justice system

  • helped focus movement for humanitarian reform in Europe

  • born criminal

  • conditioned criminal

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Frage 13 von 29

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Jeremy Bentham:

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

  • argued humans are rational free-willed actors

  • behaviour is governed by hedonistic (pleasure-pain) calculus

  • punishment should be restricted just enough to achieve deterrence

  • none of the above

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Frage 14 von 29

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Classical theory of crime emerged from the rational criminal
-penalties deter people from breaking law
-punishment should fit crime and be proportional to harm done to society
-to be effective punishment should be swift and certain

Wähle eins der folgenden:

  • WAHR
  • FALSCH

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Frage 15 von 29

1

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Examples of Classical School Thinking in modern CJS:
1. - list of possible penalties/sentences for violation of law
2. - right to fair trial, to know the case
3. - (Criminal Intent)
4. - notion of imprisonment as form of punishment

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Frage 16 von 29

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Early Biological Theories:

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

  • Physiognomy- facial features could reveal inner characteristics (deceitfulness)

  • Psychiatry- increasing interest in moral insanity (psychopathology)

  • Phrenology- abnormalities in shape of skull indicative of morality and intelligence

  • psychology- notion of psychological thought in terms of our actions

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Frage 17 von 29

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Cesare Lombroso (father of modern criminology) first to systematically apply scientific method to study of criminality concluded that criminals were:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Activists

  • Atavictic- degenerate (features like apes - retreating foreheads, large ears, etc.)

  • ugly

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Frage 18 von 29

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Enrico Ferri coined term "Born Criminal" - concept described the biologically determined criminal

Wähle eins der folgenden:

  • WAHR
  • FALSCH

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Frage 19 von 29

1

different offenders had different stigmata:
e.g. robbers have small, shifting, quick moving eyes

deviant women were almost always : brunette, masculine, heavy eyebrows & thin lips

Wähle eins der folgenden:

  • WAHR
  • FALSCH

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Frage 20 von 29

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Phrenology sought to determine an indvidiuals:

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

  • character & personality traits

  • mental & moral faculties

  • criminality based on shape of their head

  • brains & brain activity

  • smaller brains have greater activity

  • promised to explain every form of criminal behaviour (serial killers etc.)

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Frage 21 von 29

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Lombrosos scientific method was flawed because:

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

  • control groups were poorly chosen

  • control groups were too small

  • statistical techniques were crude

  • measurements were sloppy

  • assumed those in prison were criminals (free people were not)

  • control groups were too large

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Frage 22 von 29

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this involved objectively mapping the relationship between human physique, personality & criminal propensity:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Criminology

  • Somatotyping

  • criminological studies

  • theories of crime

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Frage 23 von 29

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( Somatotyping, criminology, behavioural psychologists ) involved mapping the relationship between human physique, personality & criminal propensity
Linked 3 distinct body types with behavioural dispositions:
-The ( Asthenic, athletics, authentic ) (skinny, frail & weak)
-The ( Athletic, Athlete, asthenic ) (muscular)
-The ( Pyknic, picknic, fat ) (short & round)

Devised 3 Typifications:
(a) ( Ectomorph, ectamorph, mesamorph )-lean, fragile, introspective, sensitive, nervous
(b) ( Mesomorph, metamorphosis ) - hard, muscular, rectangular, restless, energetic, insensitive
(c)( Endomorph, endamorph, Mesomorph ) - soft, round, easygoing, sociable, self-indulgent

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Frage 24 von 29

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delinquents possessed a mesomorphically dominant somatotype

Wähle eins der folgenden:

  • WAHR
  • FALSCH

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Frage 25 von 29

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The XYY genotypes:

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

  • 7 of 197 inmates of prison for mental disabilities and dangerous violent criminal propensities were XYY

  • XXY syndrome - might predispose men toward deviant behaviour

  • the XYY genotype was a kind of super-masculine- super male

  • syndrome linked to aggression, psychosis, sexual deviancy, criminal offending

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Frage 26 von 29

1

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( Free will, determinism, classical criminology, positive psychology ):
-( classical, behavioural, genetic, positive ) school
-humans born ( without, with, with heightened ) instincts
-individuals make rational choices
-crime is violation of social contract
-solution to crime is ( deterrence, retribution, revenge, medication )

( Determinism, free will, detention ):
-( Positivist, classical, psychological ) school
-behaviour determined by inherited genetic makeup
-crime is caused by disease (( medical model, medical perspective, biological issues ))
-solution to crime is ( treatment, retribution, detention, deterrence )

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Frage 27 von 29

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Emile Durkheim:

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

  • was highly critical of early positivist school

  • says all societies have crime, a certain amount must be normal

  • objected the idea of criminality as disease

  • originator of differential association theory

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Frage 28 von 29

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Edwin Sutherland:

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

  • sociologist

  • argued criminal behaviour was learned through interaction with social environment (differential association theory)

  • coined "white collar crime"

  • french

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Frage 29 von 29

1

:
-society, its laws, and legal system are rooted in social, political and economic conflict
-those who have wealth and power get to decide what will be against the law & who will be targeted by legal authorities

:
-society and its laws are rooted in shared values & beliefs
-society is viewed as a natural, organic entity that works to benefit all of its constituents
-those who behave in a socially unacceptable manner are regarded as deviant or criminal (subject to punishment, incapacitation, or treatment)

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    Conflict
    Consensus
    Correctional
    Corrections
    consensus
    conflict
    choices
    critical thinking

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