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How many people die from cancer in the UK every year? What portion of total deaths in the UK per year is this? Which cancers make up half of the total cancer deaths? (4)
What % of cancers occur in children (0-14)?
Of total cancer diagnoses, how many occur in people aged over 65?
Which is the most common cancer in the UK?
What is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the 0-14 female group? 25-49 female group?
In which age group is lung cancer most commonly diagnosed in males?
In what age group are germ cell tumours most commonly found in males?
How many different types of cancer are there?
What are they characterised by?
How far can localised cancers spread?
What are solid cancer or haematological malignancies derived from?
How do cancer cells differ to normal cells?
Give 7 characteristics of the physiology of cancer cells
What is carcinogenesis?
What are the steps in carcinogenesis (particularly colon cancer) and the mutations which could occur at each stage?
Define carcinogenesis
Define transformation
Define carcinogen
Give two examples of a microbial which can cause cancer (and name the cancer)
Define differentiation
What do most cancer arise from?
What are the three main groups of genes involved in cancer?
What is the imbalance in cancer?
What is an oncogene?
What is the normal gene from which an oncogene derives?
What do proto-oncogenes regulate? (2)
What do many proto-oncogenes encode? What activates them?
What happens when a proto-oncogene is mutated into an oncogene?
What are the five categories of proto-oncogenes?
What do the mutations in the proteins in the previous card give rise to>
What underlies hyperplasia? What is it not?
What underlies benign prostatic hyperplasia?
What underlies glioblastomas?
What has been found to be elevated in esophageal cancer?
What does overexpression of growth factors of growth factor receptors lead to?
What are two classes of receptors which are commonly overexpressed in cancer? What does this cause?
Where is the Her2 gene located?
What is K-ras?
How does k-ras result in cancer?
What % of patients with lung adenocarcinomas (NSCLC) have tumours associated with KRAS mutations?
What % of patients with colorectal have tumours associated with KRAS mutations? In relapsed patients?
What % of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas have tumours associated with KRAS mutations?
What does KRAS stand for
What % of NSCLC cases are associated with a EGFR mutation? Glioblastomas?
What % of colorectal cancers are associated with a EGFR overexpression? Pancreatic cancer? Lung cancer? Non-small cell lung cancer?
What % of pancreatic cancers are associated with a RAS mutations? Papillary thyroid cancer? Colon cancer? Non-small cell lung cancer?
What % of melanomas are associated with a B-Raf mutation? Papillary thyroid cancer? Colon cancer?
What is one of the most frequently mutated transcription factors in cancer?
Other than mutation in c-MYC, how else can c-MYC lead to cancer? What does c-MYC promote?
What does elevation of the gene product of c-MYC correspond with?
What is Burkitt lymphoma caused by? How does C-myc relate to breast, colon and lung cancer?
How doe MYC overexpression induce tumorigenesis?
How do cancers develop the ability to evade apoptosis? (2) WHat does this result in?
What do BAX and Bcl2 regulate? What doe they each promote?
How do some B-cell lymphomas evade apoptosis?
What happens to tumour suppressor genes in cancer?
How do tumour suppressor gene usually restrict cell proliferation?
Describe the effects of mutations in tumour suppressor genes (3)
What are gatekeeper genes? What is their function? Give two examples.
What is the most common genetic alteration in human cancers?
What activates p53?
What does p53 usually do?
What do mutations in p53 cause?
What does pRB do?
What do mutations in pRB cause? What is the incidence of this?
What are the caretaker genes? What are their functions? (2) Give two examples.
What are the most commonly mutated genes in familial breast cancer and ovarian cancer?
What risk do carriers of mutant BRCA1 and BRCA2 have?
What % of familial breast cancer do BRCA1/2 germline mutated alleles cause? Ovarian cancers?
What are the normal functions of the BRCA1/2 proteins?
What does loss of the BRCA1/2 function result in?
What does BRCA1 do/interact with? (4)
What happens in BRCA1 deficient cells?
What is the primary function of BRCA2?
What happens in BRCA2 deficient cells?
