Quiz 2

1. Is slowed with lesions of the paramedian prepontine reticular formation

2. Is mainly controlled by the basal ganglia

3. Is inhibited by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

4. Stabilizes images of the environment on the fovea by compensating for brief head movements

5. Changes images of the environment on the fovea

Among EU countries, there are significant differences in the prevalence of depressive disorders.

Chronic depression is a very rare condition.

In any given year, 3% of the EU population suffers from depressive disorders

85% of major depressive episodes remit within 3 months

More than 15% of the German population has been suffering or will suffer from major depression at some point in life

Older adults often have trouble remembering details of events.

Older adults show more bilateral activation in some brain regions (the HAROLD model) when performing memory tasks.

Older adults cannot be trained to use memory strategy.

Older adults tend to show higher rate of false memory than younger adults.

Older adults show less activation in hippocampus when performing memory tasks.

The ability of patients (such as H.M.) to learn new motor tasks despite an anterograde amnesia has be taken as evidence for multiple memory systems.

Declarative memory is representational, thus, it can be true or false.

Declarative memory is expressed through performance, e.g. improvements in tasks like mirror drawing.

Memory systems operate in parallel.

Our memory is reconstructive, thus, it is influenced by our knowledge, experiences and expectations.

1. Retina

2. V1

3. LGN and V1

4. Retina, LGN, and V1

5. Retina and LGN

1. Neurons in V1 are orientation selective but not direction selective.

2. Neurons in V1 are direction selective but not orientation selective.

3. Neurons in V1 are orientation selective and direction selective.

4. Only V1 neurons that have a center-surround receptive field are orientation selective and direction selective.

5. Only V1 neurons that have an On-Off receptive field are orientation selective and direction selective.

stabilize images on the fovea by compensating for brief head movements

are mainly controlled by the dorsal cerebellar vermis

stabilize images of stationary objects on the fovea (Vestibulo-occulo reflex)

are controlled by an extensive cortico-subcortical network

are rarely impaired by cerebral lesions

1. Lesions affecting the frontal eye fields

2. Vestibular disease

3. Basal ganglia disorders

4. Lesions affecting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

5. Cerebellar disease

Can be observed with centrally acting drugs

Can be observed with fatigue

Is correlated with activity of burst neurons

Indicates dysfunction of the prepontine paramedian reticular formation

Occasionally indicates dysfunction of the cerebellar vermis

1. Lesions affecting the frontal eye field

2. Cerebellar disease

3. Vestibular disease

4. Paresis affecting the extra-ocular muscles

5. Parkinson’s disease

information is transferred to a particular storage site in the brain

working memory performance is determined by the level of activation of relevant representations

all individuals have the same working memory capacity (4 items)

there is persistent activity only in prefrontal cortex (PFC) during the retention phase

regions of the parietal cortex are not involved in the temporary retention of information

investigating gaze-evoked nystagmus

investigating antisaccades

performing a head-shaking nystagmus maneuver

eliciting the VOR manually in the patient

analyzing whether spontaneous nystagmus is suppressed by fixation or not

involves activation of the pineal gland

can be thought of as a one-to-one mapping of the visual input in the human brain

is independent of a priori knowledge and expectations

is an active interpretive process that involves multiple processing stages in the human brain

is best explained by a multistage feedforward process

indicate dysfunction of the prepontine paramedian reticular formation

occur with lesions affecting the oculomotor nuclei

indicate dysfunction of omnipause neurons in the nucleus raphe interpositus

occur with lesions affecting Brodmann's area 46 in the prefrontal cortex

are a sign of frontal eye field dysfunction

1. Causes slowing of saccades

2. Prolongs saccadic reaction times

3. Causes hypermetria of saccades

4. Causes gaze-evoked nystagmus

5. Causes ocular flutter

Episodic memory

Semantic memory

Working memory

Non-associative learning

Procedural memory