Aggression is the intent to harm outside the rules; hostile behaviour
Assertion is...
Controlled
Well motivated
Generally within the rules
Goal-directed
Not intended to harm
The intention to harm
Outside the rules
Reactive
Out of control
Deliberate and hostile
Instrumental aggression is the intention to harm but it is within the rules
Instinct theory states...
All performers are born with an aggressive instinct that will surface with enough provocation
Aggression is a learnt reaction
Aggression is inevitable when goals are blocked and the performer becomes frustrated
Aggression occurs when a cue for aggression is presented
Catharsis is a feeling of anger and frustration just before committing an aggressive act
What are the problems with instinct theory?
Not all aggression is reactive
Rather than experiencing catharsis, some players increase their aggression during play and after play
In terms of evolution, not all humans were aggressive
Aggression is not a learnt reaction
Self-punishment will occur if unable to release aggression
If unable to release aggression, the frustration will continue to build up until the player is able to seek revenge
Frustration-aggression hypothesis states...
Aggressive cue theory states...
In aggressive cue theory, an act of aggression is guarenteed
Social learning theory states...
If we see a role model be aggressive, we are more likely to copy their aggression
In what ways might a coach prevent aggression?
Not reinforcing aggressive acts in training
Punish aggression with fines
Set non-aggressive goals
Punish players by sending them off
Substitute an aggressive player or remove them from the situation
Reinforce non-aggression e.g. using fair play awards
Talk to players to calm them down
Promote peer-group pressure within the team
Apply rules consistently and fairly
Channel aggression into assertion
In what ways might a player prevent aggression?
Walk away from the situation
Promote peer-group aggression within the team
Use mental rehearsal or relaxation to lower arousal
Point out responsibilities in the team
Point out non-aggressive role models
Apply sanctions immediately
In what ways might an official prevent aggression?
Apply the rules consistently and fairly
Punish aggression using fines
