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Psychology 150 Quiz am CHAPTER 2, erstellt von J P am 02/12/2017.

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CHAPTER 2

Frage 1 von 86

1

The goal of the dissertation in the process of scientific education is to demonstrate that the future
scientist ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • has memorized all of the known facts about a given topic

  • has read all of the known articles about a given a topic

  • can contribute something new to the field

  • can apply the technical knowledge learned in graduate school

Erklärung

Frage 2 von 86

1

According to the text, the goal of a scientific education is ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • to question what is known and how to find out what is not yet known

  • to convey what is known about a subject so it can be applied in a medical context

  • to train individuals to exclusively rely on deductive reasoning to solve problems

  • all of the above

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Frage 3 von 86

1

According to the text, a ________ would receive technical training, whereas a ________ would
receive scientific education.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • pharmacologist; pharmacist

  • physician; biologist

  • botanist; computer programmer

  • research psychologist; clinical psychologist

Erklärung

Frage 4 von 86

1

According to the textbook, there are no perfect ________ of personality, only ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • measures; devices

  • indicators; clues

  • theories; hypotheses

  • reliable measures; valid measures

Erklärung

Frage 5 von 86

1

Researchers must use clues to personality in their research because________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • personality is defined solely by biological factors that cannot be observed

  • personality tests are unethical

  • personality is something hidden that resides inside an individual

  • personality is defined by responses to self-report questionnaires

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Frage 6 von 86

1

When gathering data or clues about personality, the best policy is to ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • gather only a very small number of clues and focus on the important ones

  • gather only clues that are certain not to be misleading

  • rely solely on self-report data

  • collect as many clues as possible

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Frage 7 von 86

1

Because each kind of data has limitations, personality psychologists should ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • not bother collecting data

  • gather as much data as possible

  • only use L data, which are the most reliable

  • use only one source of data and control for its limitations

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Frage 8 von 86

1

There is a possibility that individuals are so accustomed to certain aspects of their personality that they
might not be aware of those traits. This is called the ________ effect.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • fish-and-water

  • self-verification

  • self-expectancy

  • narcissism

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Frage 9 von 86

1

In order to examine the relationship between early life experiences and adult criminality, Dr. Robbins
asks his research participants to fill out questionnaires describing their early life. He then obtains
copies of their arrest records from the county courthouse. The questionnaires used in Dr. Robbins’s
study would be ________ data, whereas the arrest records would be ________ data.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • L; B

  • S; I

  • S; L

  • B; L

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Frage 10 von 86

1

To assess the personality traits of a group of 5-year-olds, researchers use puppets to illustrate different
personality traits. Children are then asked to pick the puppet that best matches their personality. This is
an example of ________ data.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • S

  • I

  • L

  • B

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Frage 11 von 86

1

________ data are the most frequently used basis for personality assessment.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • B

  • L

  • S

  • I

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Frage 12 von 86

1

I data are ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • self-judgments

  • judgments made by knowledgeable observers

  • easily observable, real-life outcomes

  • direct observations of the subject in some predefined context

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Frage 13 von 86

1

I data essentially measure ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • your internal states or emotions

  • your level of self-awareness

  • your reputation

  • work productivity (in industrial psychology)

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Frage 14 von 86

1

According to the text, accidental mistakes in judging personality are considered ________, whereas
inaccurate judgments that are influenced by prejudices are considered ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • biases; stereotypes

  • heuristic errors; formal errors

  • errors; biases

  • trivial; serious

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Frage 15 von 86

1

What is the minimum number of informants that Funder recommends for each person in a study?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • one

  • two

  • three

  • five

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Frage 16 von 86

1

According to the text, what simple example of L data is considered by clinical psychologists to be a
potential indicator of psychopathology?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • an arrest record by age 21

  • an annual income below the poverty line

  • being fired from a job by age 30

  • never being married by age 40

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Frage 17 von 86

1

The Thematic Apperception Test and the Rorschach test elicit ________ data.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • L

  • I

  • S

  • B

Erklärung

Frage 18 von 86

1

The typical experimental social psychologist collects ________ data.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • B

  • I

  • L

  • S

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Frage 19 von 86

1

To obtain S data, a psychologist can ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • develop a questionnaire

  • recruit informants

  • observe the subject directly

  • look up information in public records

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Frage 20 von 86

1

What you do may be influenced by how you see yourself and how you are seen by others. This means
that your self-perceptions and others’ perceptions have ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • definitional truth

  • causal truth

  • phenomenological force

  • causal force

Erklärung

Frage 21 von 86

1

What is the best way for a researcher to judge the face validity of items on a measure?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Conduct an exploratory factor analysis on the items.

  • Conduct a confirmatory factor analysis on the items.

  • Conduct an internal consistency analysis on the items.

  • Read and consider the content of the items.

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Frage 22 von 86

1

________ data are fairly easily verifiable, concrete, real-life outcomes of possible psychological
significance.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • S

  • B

  • I

  • L

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Frage 23 von 86

1

________ data derive from the researcher’s direct observation of what the subject does.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • L

  • I

  • S

  • B

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Frage 24 von 86

1

In a priming study, participants solved puzzles that included words such as gray, wise, retired, and
Florida. After solving these puzzles, participants were observed as they walked down a hallway. The
observation of participants’ speed of walking would be considered ________ data.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • experience sampling

  • experimental B

  • L

  • projective

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Frage 25 von 86

1

Which kind of data would be the easiest way to obtain information about the content of dreams?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • S

  • B

  • L

  • I

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Frage 26 von 86

1

Dr. Garcia wants to measure the earliest autobiographical memories of the participants in her project.
She would most likely obtain ________ data.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • L

  • I

  • S

  • B

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Frage 27 von 86

1

Different informants may not agree about the personality of a common target individual because
________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • each judge may see the target person in only a limited number of social contexts

  • judges may form a mistaken impression based on the recollection of a single,
    uncharacteristic behavior

  • some informants may have biases that affect the accuracy of their judgments

  • all of the above

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Frage 28 von 86

1

What kinds of behaviors by an acquaintance would most likely be remembered?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • an atypical behavior that was emotionally evocative

  • only behaviors consistent with the acquaintance’s personality

  • the most recently observed typical behavior

  • behaviors that are observed every day

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Frage 29 von 86

1

Records of employee absenteeism are what type of data?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • S

  • B

  • I

  • L

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Frage 30 von 86

1

Which of the following types of personality data is the most objective and verifiable?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • S

  • B

  • I

  • L

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Frage 31 von 86

1

Which of the following would be an example of natural B data?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • observations of the number of times a subject told a joke in a day

  • number of seconds a subject waits before seeking help in an experimental emergency
    situation

  • a subject’s verbal responses to a Rorschach test

  • number of times a subject interrupts others during a videotaped laboratory situation

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Frage 32 von 86

1

Which type of data is likely to be the most subjective and judgmental?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • I

  • B

  • L

  • S

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Frage 33 von 86

1

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered B data?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • measures of heart rate and other physiological measurements

  • observation of how many times a participant spoke during a five-minute conversation

  • a psychologist’s interpretation of a participant’s responses to an unstructured clinical
    interview

  • a participant’s records of his daily activities in a daily research “diary”

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Frage 34 von 86

1

When a psychologist asks a question because he or she wants to know the answer, the question elicits
________. When a psychologist asks a question because he or she wants to see how the individual will
respond to that stimulus, the test elicits ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • B data; I data

  • S data; I data

  • S data; B data

  • laboratory B data; natural B data

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Frage 35 von 86

1

Which kind of data is the LEAST expensive to collect?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • L

  • S

  • I

  • B

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Frage 36 von 86

1

According to the text, which of the following is another term for behavioral confirmation?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • action verification

  • causal force

  • expectancy effect

  • narcissistic reflection

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Frage 37 von 86

1

The tendency for us to become what other people believe us to be is called a(n) ________ effect.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • confirmation

  • expectancy

  • fish-and-water

  • self-monitoring

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Frage 38 von 86

1

The fact that behavior is frequently determined by multiple causes presents the most significant
disadvantage for ________ data.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • B

  • L

  • I

  • S

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Frage 39 von 86

1

The judgments that others make of your personality affect your opportunities and expectancies. Thus,
these judgments have ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • generalizability

  • validity

  • causal force

  • reliability

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Frage 40 von 86

1

A major advantage of S data is that ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • only a trained personality psychologist can interpret S data

  • the best information about personality is obtainable from real-life social outcomes

  • you are the world’s best expert about your own personality

  • to assess personality, you must observe what the person actually does

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Frage 41 von 86

1

If Dr. O’Connell wants to learn about Laura, why might Dr. O’Connell want to avoid using S data?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • The person supplying the S data may not want to or be able to provide accurate reports
    about Laura.

  • The S data often do not have psychological relevance.

  • The S data are influenced by too many factors to reveal much about a person’s
    personality.

  • The S data have definitional truth.

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Frage 42 von 86

1

Because Jesse’s teacher believes that he is intelligent, she challenges him with extra assignments and
generally encourages his curiosity. At the end of the school year, Jesse performs better on the school’s
achievement test than any other student. Jesse’s enhanced performance is likely due to the ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • recency effect

  • expectancy effect

  • self-serving bias

  • judgment bias

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Frage 43 von 86

1

A researcher asks participants to imagine that they have been excluded from their circle of friends and
then takes images of their brains using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning
technology. The images generated in this study would be considered ________ data.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • experience sampling

  • experimental B

  • L

  • projective

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Frage 44 von 86

1

The most important advantage of B data is that they are based on ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • common sense, so they have greater psychological relevance

  • a report by the best expert, so they are more accurate

  • direct psychological tests, so they have greater causal force and scientific value

  • direct observations of behavior, so they are more objective and quantifiable

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Frage 45 von 86

1

When someone is high in narcissism, what type of data about this person might be the LEAST
trustworthy?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • B

  • I

  • L

  • S

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Frage 46 von 86

1

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of I data?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • They have causal force.

  • They include common sense.

  • They are based on large amounts of information.

  • They come from carefully controlled experimental situations.

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Frage 47 von 86

1

A major disadvantage of L data is ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • that they provide too much information

  • that informants may have access to only a narrow range of the target’s behavior

  • that the data are influenced by multiple factors besides just personality

  • that judges may be biased about the person they are describing

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Frage 48 von 86

1

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of B data?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Direct observations require little in the way of psychological interpretation.

  • Direct observations are easily quantifiable.

  • Direct observations can be made with extreme precision, as in the case of reaction times.

  • Psychologists can construct situations to elicit particular behaviors.

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Frage 49 von 86

1

One concern with items on measures like the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is
that they often lack face validity. What kind of problem does this create?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Participants can easily fake responses on the items.

  • Such items raise concerns with social desirability.

  • Responses are difficult to interpret in psychological terms.

  • Such items tend to make participants very anxious.

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Frage 50 von 86

1

As part of a research project, a participant uses a smart phone application that signals her at random
times throughout the day. At those times, the application presents a series of questions for her to
answer regarding her current activities. This is an example of ________ data.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • experience sampling

  • experimental B

  • L

  • projective

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Frage 51 von 86

1

What term describes computer-assisted methods to measure thoughts and feelings that occur during
normal daily activities?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • experiential assessment

  • ambulatory assessment

  • projective assessment

  • digitally assisted experimental assessment

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Frage 52 von 86

1

What term is sometimes used to describe instruments like the Rorschach and Thematic Apperception
Test (TAT)?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • S instruments

  • omnibus personality test batteries

  • objective tests

  • performance-based personality tests

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Frage 53 von 86

1

A behavioroid measure is a combination of which two types of data?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • S and B

  • L and B

  • I and B

  • S and L

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Frage 54 von 86

1

According to principles described in the text, it would be relatively difficult to create a reliable
measure of attitudes toward ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • paper clips

  • casual sexual encounters

  • outgroup members

  • the self (like self-esteem)

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Frage 55 von 86

1

If measurement errors are truly random, then they should ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • never occur

  • not affect the reliability of a measure

  • not attenuate the validity of a measure

  • sum to zero

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Frage 56 von 86

1

Which formula in psychometrics quantifies the principle of aggregation?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • alpha

  • Spearman-Brown

  • kappa

  • Kaiser-Guttman

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Frage 57 von 86

1

If you can get the same answer repeatedly, then your measure is ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • reliable

  • valid

  • significant

  • generalizable

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Frage 58 von 86

1

The technical meaning of reliability refers to ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • how much measurement error is present in your assessment instrument

  • whether an instrument accurately assesses the construct it is intended to measure

  • whether an instrument correlates with a similar measure of the same construct

  • whether a sample of participants reasonably represents the population of interest

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Frage 59 von 86

1

On Friday, Terence completes the Self-Monitoring Scale and receives a score of 49. On the following
Tuesday, he fills out the scale again and receives a score of 28. Terence’s scores on the Self-
Monitoring Scale do not appear to be ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • valid

  • reliable

  • significant

  • free of unwanted biases

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Frage 60 von 86

1

Linda is taking an intelligence test. During the test, the teachers walk through the halls and chat loudly
with each other. Due to these distractions, Linda scores lower on the test than she would have if she
had been able to concentrate fully. The influence of the teachers’ chatting is an example of ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • reliability

  • a validity bias

  • a cohort effect

  • measurement error

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Frage 61 von 86

1

The most important and generally useful way to enhance reliability is to ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • use the smallest possible number of items

  • measure something that is important

  • aggregate your measurements

  • maximize error variance

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Frage 62 von 86

1

At the heart of aggregation is the idea that ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • random errors cancel each other out

  • random errors never cancel each other out

  • reliable errors cancel each other out

  • a sufficiently precise measure has no reliable error

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Frage 63 von 86

1

Dr. Grant is creating a new measure of shyness, and she decides to include more than one item in her
scale. She believes that using multiple items will lead to a more reliable measure. Dr. Grant is
following which principle of measurement?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • multitrait assessment

  • content validation

  • aggregation

  • construct validation

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Frage 64 von 86

1

A researcher can increase the reliability of a personality test by ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • refusing to aggregate items

  • measuring something important

  • using very few items to reduce the risk of mistakes

  • constructing items with complicated words and phrases

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Frage 65 von 86

1

Which of the following is NOT likely to undermine the reliability of a survey?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • entering data into a database incorrectly after collection

  • the immediate state of the participant

  • the mood of the experimenter

  • aggregation of responses to different items

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Frage 66 von 86

1

In simple language, questions about reliability concern ________, whereas questions about validity
concern ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • accuracy; consistency

  • consistency; dependability

  • stability; dependability

  • consistency; accuracy

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Frage 67 von 86

1

Validity is the degree to which a measurement ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • is consistent and stable

  • provides the same result if repeated

  • actually reflects or measures what you think it does

  • is reliable

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Frage 68 von 86

1

According to Cronbach and Meehl’s (1955) terminology, psychological attributes such as intelligence
and sociability are examples of ________, whereas an IQ test and extraversion questionnaire are both
examples of specific tests or measurements.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • constructs

  • valid ideas

  • assessments

  • manifest factors

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Frage 69 von 86

1

Jane recently completed a new test that was designed to measure her IQ. She took the test twice and
each time received the same score. The test administrator told her that her scores indicate she is
extremely intelligent. However, Jane scored well below average when she completed the Stanford-
Binet and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), two well-established intelligence tests. Based
on this pattern of results, it appears that the new measure of IQ was a ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • valid measure of intelligence

  • valid but unreliable measure of intelligence

  • reliable but not valid measure of intelligence

  • more accurate measure of intelligence than the Stanford-Binet or the WAIS

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Frage 70 von 86

1

Reliability is ________ for validity.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • a necessary and sufficient condition

  • a necessary but not sufficient condition

  • a sufficient condition

  • not at all relevant

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Frage 71 von 86

1

A research strategy that involves gathering as many different measurements as you can of a particular
construct and determining if those measurements correlate is called ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • construct validation

  • aggregation validation

  • generalization

  • internal validation

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Frage 72 von 86

1

Many psychologists tend to use college students as participants in their research and then assume that
what they learn applies to people in general. However, this common practice may limit ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • the ecological reliability of their research

  • the internal validity of their studies

  • the generalizability of their findings

  • the construct validity of their studies

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Frage 73 von 86

1

Reliability and validity are actually both aspects of a broader concept called ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • factorial invariance

  • psychometric integrity

  • measurement equivalence

  • generalizability

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Frage 74 von 86

1

The fact that much of modern empirical research in psychology has been based on white, middle-class
college sophomores may reduce the ________ of psychological research.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • generalizability

  • reliability

  • validity

  • statistical significance

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Frage 75 von 86

1

Which of the following sampling methods affords a researcher the greatest generalizability?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • randomly selecting a sample of introductory psychology students

  • randomly selecting a sample of both high school and college students

  • recruiting all the executives at a large company to participate

  • selecting participants using a random telephone dialing system

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Frage 76 von 86

1

According to the text, which of the following would NOT be a threat to the generalizability of
personality research?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • More women than men participate in research.

  • Participants who show up for research studies are more conventional than individuals who
    do not show up.

  • Personality researchers strive to study multiple cohorts.

  • Much personality research is based on samples of college students.

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Frage 77 von 86

1

Narrative psychology is an example of the ________ method.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • case study

  • correlational

  • experimental

  • behavioral

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Frage 78 von 86

1

What is the big disadvantage of the case study method?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • It describes isolated variables, not the whole phenomenon.

  • It is rarely the source of testable hypotheses.

  • It does not usually apply to particular individuals, only to groups.

  • It is not generalizable.

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Frage 79 von 86

1

The major difference between the experimental and correlational methods is that in the experimental
method the presumed causal variable is ________, whereas in the correlational method the same
variable is ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • externally derived; internally derived

  • significant; important

  • manipulated; measured

  • reliable; valid

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Frage 80 von 86

1

The strongest advantage of the experimental method is that ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • it allows the assessment of causality

  • it allows the study of naturally occurring individual differences that already exist in the
    participants

  • participants are always randomly sampled from the general population

  • it can take advantage of extreme levels of the independent variable

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Frage 81 von 86

1

Random assignment allows researchers to ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • ignore problems of measurement

  • assume that groups of participants are more or less equivalent on preexisting conditions

  • ignore ethical constraints on research

  • control for selective attrition

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Frage 82 von 86

1

If test scores decrease as anxiety increases, then ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • test scores and anxiety are positively correlated

  • test scores and anxiety are negatively correlated

  • test scores and anxiety are unrelated

  • the correlation between test scores and anxiety must be 1.0

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Frage 83 von 86

1

Dr. Low is interested in studying the effect mood has on the willingness to help a stranger. She
randomly assigns half of her participants to the pleasant mood condition and shows them funny film
clips. The other half of her participants is assigned to the unpleasant mood condition and is forced to
watch boring film clips. She then gives every participant an opportunity to donate money to a
homeless stranger. Dr. Low is using a(n) ________ design.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • experimental

  • correlational

  • case study

  • repeated measures

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Frage 84 von 86

1

To conduct an experimental study of the causal effect smoking has on physical health, we would have
to ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • find a group of smokers and compare their physical health to a group of nonsmokers

  • randomly assign some people to a smoking condition and some others to a control
    condition

  • compare the physical health of a heavy smoker to the physical health of a person who has
    never smoked

  • teach one group of people to adopt good health habits and see if they are more likely to
    begin smoking than a group of people who have not been taught good health habits

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Frage 85 von 86

1

Dr. Low is interested in studying the relation between mood and willingness to help a stranger. Every
participant in her study completes a mood-rating questionnaire and is then given an opportunity to
donate money to a homeless stranger. Dr. Low is using a(n) ________ design.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • experimental

  • correlational

  • case study

  • repeated measures

Erklärung

Frage 86 von 86

1

Which design is best suited for addressing the third-variable problem?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • experimental

  • correlational

  • case study

  • repeated measures

Erklärung