Basal Ganglia receives input from all regions of the cerebral cortex and projects its output to __________.

BG helps _______ motor programs and ________ motor programs during morot planning.

Does the BG receive ascending sensory input?

Lesion in BG results in (excessive/diminished) movements.

T/F: BG also has executive and emotional functions.

BG is a collection of nuclei between _________ and ________. Thus they are ________ nuclei.

T/F: BG is central, and both hemispheres share the same BG nuclei.

Where is BG as compared to the thalamus?

The 5 principle BG nuclei are:

Which parts of the caudate nucleus form the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle?

The tail of caudate nucleus form the roof of ________________.

Name the structures from caudate to thalamus.

putamen + globus pallidi =

What is superior to the putamen?

What structure separates the thalamus and GPi?

What separates the caudate and putamen?

The caudate and putamen are embryologically related. They are called __________ together.

The ventral part of the striatum is called __________. It is continuous with the _________ and belongs to both the ______ system and the ________ system.

The subthalamus is in the (ventral/dorsal) region of the diencephalon.

The substantia nigra is located in the (rostral/caudal) part of midbrain.

The _______ is anterior to the substantia nigra.

The other nuclei at the same level with substantia nigra are

Two parts of the substantia nigra

The (SNpc/ SNpr) is the source of dopamine.

Where does cortical input enter the BG?
Name the pathway.

The pathway where the substantia nigra project to the striatum is called

The nitrostriatal pathway modulates the _________ to the striatum.

T/F: the striatum only projects to the SNpc.

Which structures are in the output circuit of the BG?

GPi projects to

SNpr projects to the

What are the four transmitter systems in the BG?

Glutamate is (excitatory/ inhibitory)

GABA is (excitatory/ inhibitory)

Dopamine is (excitatory/ inhibitory)

acetylcholine is (excitatory/ inhibitory)

The corticostriatal input is _________ (transmitter name).

Name another glutamatergic projection.

Striatal projection to GPe and GPi are ________.

VL receives input from ______ and _______, the transmitters are _________.

Internal circuits in striatum is ________.

Loss of internal circuits of striatum causes _______ disease.

The direct pathway (supports/blocks) movement while the indirect pathway (supports/blocks) movement.

Overall, GPi (inhibits/ supports) movement by ____________.

GPi is (excited/inhibited) in the direct pathway while it is (inhibited/ less inhibited) in the indirect pathway.

In the direct pathway, GPi is inhibited by _____ transmitters from the ______ circuit.

In the indirect pathway, GPi is excited by _______, which is previously inhibited by ______.

Dopamine strengthens the direct pathway to support movement by binding to ____ receptors.

Dopamine weakens the indirect pathway to support movement by binding to ____ receptors.

At resting potential, GPi is spontaneously active to ________.

T/F: GPi is not affected when corticostriatal neurons generate activity.

Eye saccades are driven by the _________ circuits, which is activated by ________.

Since superior colliculus is inhibited by ________, inhibition of the structure by the striatum can disinhibit superior colliculi.

Horizontal saccades are coordinated by _______ while vertical saccades are coordinated by _______.

T/F: Saccades must be inhibited for fixation.

_________ inhibits the saccade

What happens when GABA agonist is injected to SNpr?

Loss of SNpc cells results in a reduced level of ______, which reduces the _____ of the direct pathway and _____ of the indirect pathway, accounting for hypokinetic symptoms.

Huntington's disease involves loss of cells in _________. Removing the braking circuits may generate movement disorders such as _______ and ______.

the 4 channels of BG are

Striatum portion involved in motor control:

Striatum portion involved in occulomotor control:

Striatum portion involved in prefrontal control:

Striatum portion involved in limbic:

Outputs of motor channel:

Outputs of oculomotor channel:

Outputs of prefrontal channel:

Outputs of limbic channel:

OCD, schizophrenia, Alzheimer disease and Huntington disease are all associated with the _________ system.