What defines chronic inflammation?
Long term injury
Inflammation
Repair
All of the above
and tissue are characteristic features. Macrophages come in many different states in chronic inflammation, highlighting their wide range of functions in protecting the body: killing and clearing (), production of , acute phase reactions and presentation
❌ is caused by mycobacterium which has a protective coat so the stimulus cannot be removed. Granulomas form around the pathogen
❌ is aggregation of misfolded proteins causing atrophy
❌ is bladder inflammation. Urinary catheters can introduce infection and leads to incontinence and confusion.
cells: always proliferating so regenerate – epithelia such as skin, GI tract cells: do not normally proliferate but can do so after injury – liver, kidney : cannot regenerate so must scar – neurones, heart muscle
Regeneration can be stimulated by insoluble growth factors
In regeneration soluble transcription factors regulate DNA transcription from cascade of events which can result in:
apoptosis
proliferation
angiogenesis
prevention of apoptosis
meiosis
tumour formation
Another signal for regeneration is chemical long-distance physical( chemical, long-distance, physical ) cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions via the ECM and cell junctions, mediated by integrin interferon integral interleukin( integrin, interferon, integral, interleukin ) proteins (we touched on this in Topic 1) that again produce a cascade.
