Involuntary, continuous tonic contraction resulting in increased tension in skeletal muscle after injury and inflammation; generally, more orthopedic and localized in nature
Spasm
Spasticity
Seizure
UMN lesions interrupt control of stretch reflex, leading to a neurologically induced, velocity-dependent, exaggerated muscle stretch reflex
Which of the following drugs/drug types given for spasms, causes general sedation and muscle relaxation by potentiating the inhibitory effect of GABA?
Diazepam
Benzodisepines
Centrally Acting Antispasm Drugs
Baclofen
Dantrolene sodium
Tizanidine
As with the Centrally-Acting Anti-spasm Drugs, Diazepam should only be used to treat muscle spams in the short-term, due to a plethora of side effects, including sedation, decreased psychomotor ability, physical dependence, and, during sudden withdrawal, anxiety/seizures/death.
Which of the following anti-spasticity drugs would be the best choice for chronic pain or headaches?
Botulinum Toxin
Which of the following are advantages of intrathecal administration of baclofen versus oral administration?
Localized effect
Less side effects
Better for long-term usage
Affects both LE and UE to the same extent
Favors UE over LE
The effects of which of the following anti-spasticity drugs is limited to just one muscle and carries no generalized effects?
Intrathecal Baclofen
Dantrolene Sodium
Which of the following is the most likely reason that a patient is taking a mixed agonist-Antagonist analgesic rather than a full agonist (strong or mild)?
Less risk of addiction and overdose
Less expensive
Mixed Agonist-Antagonists are more effective for some patients
Mixing the agonist with an antagonist reduces the risk of potential side effects, like hallucinations
Of the following opiod analgesics, which are Strong Agonists?
Morphine
Fentanyl
Methadone
Codeine
Naloxone
Petnazocine
Hydrocodone
Of the following opiod analgesics, which are Mild-Moderate Agonists?
Oxycodone
Pentazocine
Of the following opiod analgesics, which are Mixed Agonist-Antagonists?
OxyContin
Of the following, which are opiod analgesic antagonists?
Select the potential side effects of opiod analgesics.
Sedation
Dizziness
Respiratory Depression
GI Distress
Agitation
Exophthalmos
Dry Skin
Delusions of Grandeur
Inhibition of the Cox 1 enzymes causes which of the following side effects?
Gastrointestinal erosions
Increased blood pressure
Increased risk of cardiovascular events
Hemorrhage
Inhibition of the Cox 2 enzymes causes which of the following adverse effects?
Cancer
Inflammation
Which of the following are Non-Selective COX-Blockers?
Aspirin
Ibuprofen
Celebrex
Diclofenac
Which of the following are COX2-Blockers?
How does Tylenol differ from Aspirin?
Tylenol is not associated wit GI Issues
Tylenol treats pain and inflammation
Tylenol is not an antiinflammatory or anticoagulant
Tylenol can be safely used by children
Tylenol is less effective at treating osteoarthritis
Combining Naloxone with an opiod in a patient controlled analgesic results in adequate analgesia with reduced side effects.
Combining Droperidol with an opiod in a patient controlled analgesic results in adequate analgesia with reduced side effects.
With PCEA, the analgesic is delivered directly to the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord at a specific level.
With PCEA, the analgesic is delivered directly to the epidural space of the spinal cord at a specific level.
❌ - A single large dose is given initially to establish analgesia. ❌ - The amount of drug that is self-administered by the patient each time he or she activates the PCA delivery mechanism. ❌ - The minimum amount of time allowed between each demand dose. ❌ - In some patients, a small amount of the analgesic is infused continuously to maintain a low background level of analgesia.
When reviewing the chart of a new patient you notice that the number of total PCA demands is much higher than the number of successful demands. What does this most likely indicate?
The PCA parameters are not effective in providing adequate analgesia
The PCA pump is malfunctioning
This is not possible, there is no difference between successful and total demands.
The PCA pump is providing too much analgesia with each dose.
❌ - Cough Suppressant ❌ - Reduce Mucus Production by binding to Alpha-1 receptors ❌ - Reduce allergic reactions by binding to H1 receptors ❌ - Decrease Mucus Viscosity ❌ - Facilitate production and ejection of mucus
Guaifenesin belongs to which category of respiratory drugs?
Antitussives
Decongestant
Antihistamines
Mucolytics
Expectorants
❌ (-terol) – cause bronchodilation and relaxation of bronchiole smooth muscle ❌ - control inflammation-mediated bronchospasm; Most effective treatment for Asthma ❌ - mediate airway inflammation that underlies bronchoconstriction ❌ - prevent bronchoconstriction by inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators
Which of the following is/are most effective in promoting healing of ulcers?
H2 receptor blockers
Antacids
Proton pump inhibitor
Cimedtidine
What is a potential problem with prolonged and excessive use of antacids?
Acid production may increase
Altered pharmacokinetics
Electrolyte imbalances
All of these
Steroid hormones are derived from which of the following?
Amino acid links
Lipids, such as cholesterol
Bisphosphonates
An individual with hypothyroidism will present with all of the following EXCEPT?
Weight gain
Bradycardia
Lethargy
Tachycardia
Hyperthyroidism symptoms can be suppressed by beta-adrenergic blockers.
Which of the following inhibits osteoclast activity?
Calcitonin
Bisosphonates
Vitamin D
Teriparatide
A primary adverse effect of mineralcorticoid therapy?
Hypertension
Catabolic effect on bone and other tissues
Muscle wasting
Increased blood glucose
Which patient would you be cautious with stretching?
Pt taking Cipro
Pt taking Metronidazole
Pt taking Sulfonamide
Pt taking an Amingoglycoside
Tetracyclines, sulonamindes, and fluoroquinolones will not cause increased skin sensitivity to UV light.
❌ will reduce glucose levels ❌ will increase glucose levels Generally speaking, Diabetes leads to an uncontrolled ❌ in glucose levels.
Prolonged use of cortisol can cause ______.
HTN
Increased risk of bone fracture
Decreased blood glucose and glycogen
Decreased ability in body’s ability to handle stress
Just like the Irish girl in this photo, patients taking which of the following medication types are at increased risk of sunburn (aka photosensitivity)?
Decongestants
Antibacterial
Antirheumatics
NSAIDs
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