Childhood Year 1: Pathology focus :)

increased osteoblast and osteoclast activity

"bone pain" generally in one area, commonly pelvis and spine

structurally disorganized bone matrix with both excessive bone mass and bone resorption

increased osteoblast but decreased osteoclast activity

uniform concentric rings of organized bone matrix

"bone pain" spreading out to different areas of the body

from hematopoeitic stem cells

acts as macrophages

resorb bone

make more bone matrix

acts as fibroblasts

from mesenchymal stem cells

wrist drop even with fully extended forearm/arm

inability to abduct arm

inability to flex elbow

inability to flex shoulder

Benedict claw with fully extended forearm/arm

flexor muscles of the arm

flexor muscles of the forearm

extensor muscles of the arm

extensor muscles of the forearm

3.5 fingers of the hand

deltoid, teres minor (shoulder muscles)

posterior arm flexor muscles

posterior forearm extensor muscles

anterior forearm

anterior arm

anterior 3 medial fingers

posterior 3 medial fingers

posterior arm

posterior forearm muscles

posterior arm muscles

anterior forearm muscles

anterior arm muscles

anterior medial 2 fingers

posterior lateral 2 fingers

anterior 3.5 lateral fingers

posterior 3.5 lateral fingers

anterior 1.5 lateral fingers

posterior 1.5 lateral fingers

lateral arm

posterior forearm

posterior hand

anterior hand

anterior forearm

medial arm

Radial nerve palsy

Saturday night nerve palsy

Humerus shaft fracture

Erb's palsy

Bell's palsy

Klumpke's palsy

dislocation of the humeral head

surgical neck of the humerus fracture

dislocation of the clavicle

pulling the deltoid muscle

C4: shoulder elevation

C5: chicken abduction (wings)

C6: elbow flexion

C6: wrist extension

C7: elbow extension

C7: wrist flexion

C8: thumb extension (thumbs up)

T1: finger abduction (fanned fingers)

C6: wrist flexion

C6: elbow extension

damage to the upper part of the brachial plexus (C5 and C6)

damage to the lower part of the brachial plexus (C7 C8 and T1)

motorbike accidents can cause this

improper birthing techniques (pull baby's head against pelvic bones while labor) can cause this

landing on an outstretched arm from a big height can cause this

results in a "waiter's tip"

results in a "clawed hand"

damage to the axillary nerve

damage to the suprascapular nerve

damage to the musculocutaneous nerve

ptosis

fluctuating fatiguability

dysphagia

limb weakness

fever

constant fatigue

slow reaction times

pregnancy

rheumatoid arthiritis

repetitive use of hands

septic arhritis

osteomalacia

osteoporosis

numbness

parasthesia/pain over median nerve area

thumb muscle atrophy

worse at ngiht

worse at day

redness

swelling

local corticosteroids

night time splinting

day time splinting

anabolic steroids

always surgical decompression

if severe surgical decompression

avoid further injury via strain

Femoral

Sciatic

Obturator

Common fibular

common fibular deep branch

common fibular superficial branch

tibial

sural

fibial

common femoral

posterior leg

anterior leg

medial leg

lateral leg

sole of the foot

top of the foot

flexion of hips

extension of the knee

extension of the hips

flexion of the knees

abduction of the leg

adduction of the leg

Inferior gluteal

sciatic nerve

superior gluteal

tibial

common fibular

osteoarthritis

inflammatory arthritis

septic arthritis

rheumatoid arthritis

crystal-induced arthritis

gout

pseudogout

rheumatoid

psoriatic

none of the above

joint stiffness in the evening/morning

generally worse after walking

palpable bony swelling on the hands' interphalangeal joints

reduced range of motion

crepitus in the joints

insomnia

generalized swelling around major joints

locked joints

synovitis

reduced joint space

subarticular sclerosis

osteophytes

bony cysts

glued up joint space

cartilage cysts

osteocytes

specific joint pain in the morning

specific joint pain in the evening

joints affected symetrically

joint inflammation

joints affected asymetrically

will find rheumatoid factor in serum

x-ray will reveal bone erosion

x-ray will reveal reduced joint space

periarticular osteopenia

visible deformity

x-ray will reveal

excessive bone growth

medical emergency

take the aspirate fluid in join and gram stain it

take a blood culture (full blood count) and see if there's a high amount of leukocytes

take a blood culture (full blood count) and see if there's a high amount of c-reactive protein

x-ray will show increased joint space

x-ray will show decreased joint space

chronic/gradual development

to manage, should drain aspirate fluid

to manage, should give antibiotics

presents like an infection plus reduced joint functionality and synovitis

produces anticoagulant protein c

produces coagulant protein z

produces anticoagulant protein s

produces factor 7

produces factor 9

produces prothrombin

produces factor 10

produces fibrinogen

produces factor 5

Factor 8 deficiency

Factor 9 deficiency

Factor 12 deficiency

Factor 5 deficiency

following physical injury

can be itchy

slightly raised

limit ability to move

appear shiny

extremely tight skin

can limit ability to move

common with burns

shiny

very fine white line

really noticeable

raised

shiny

usually after minor skin damage

not raised

fine white line

itchy

topical silicone gel

pressure dressings

steroids

make- up

cosmetic surgery

plastic surgery

flucloxacillin

acupuncture