Indicate the correct statement(s) for anemic infarction.
the term is synonym of white infarction
the term is synonym of red infarction
it develops as a result of absolute ischemia after total obstruction of an "end-type artery"
it mainly affects the lungs and liver
Indicate the correct statement(s) for hemorrhagic infarction.
it develops in organs with double circulation
it mainly affects the brain and the heart
it affects organs which have contact with the outside environment
it may affect the small intestine
Indicate the correct statement(s) for gangrene.
it is ischemic necrosis which develops in organs with contact with the external environment
it can be wet or dry
the dry gangrene is accompanied by severe bacterial infection
it can develop on the extremities, intestines, spleen and kidney
Which of the following terms are used to describe liquefactive necrosis of the brain?
ramolicio cerebri
encephalomalacia
infarctus anemicus cerebri
hydrocephalus
Which of the followings are not affected by gangrene?
lower limb
liver
lung
intestines
What type of necrosis develops in the spleen?
liquefactive necrosis
caseous necrosis
coagulative necrosis
fibrinoid necrosis
What type of necrosis develops in the brain?
steatonecrosis
What type of necrosis develops in the pancreas?
steatonecrosis/fat necrosis
What type of necrosis develops in the specific granuloma in tuberculosis?
Indicate the correct statement(s) for coagulative necrosis.
it develops in organs composed mainly of proteins and containing less water and enzymes
"shadows" of previous structures can be seen microscopically
it develops as a result of acute pancreatitis
there is total effacement of the previous structures microscopically
Indicate the correct statement(s) for liquefactive necrosis.
it develops in organs which have less proteins but more water and enzymes
it can be seen in the spleen, kidneys, heart
it is most commonly seen in the brain
In which type of necrosis deposition of sodium, calcium and potassium salts (soaps) can be seen in the cytoplasm of the affected cells?
What is decubitus/bed sore?
clinicoanatomical form of necrosis
it develops in bed-ridden patients because of the damaged circulation caused by long-term pressure
it develops most commonly at the sacro-lumbar region and on the heels d) it develops usually on the abdomen, chest and knees
it develops ususally on the abdomen, chest and knees
Indicate the correct type of cells according to their capacity of proliferation.
cardiomyocites and striated muscle cells are labile cells
hepatocytes are permanent cells
the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract are labile cells
the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract are stable cells
What is pseudo-hypertrophy?
when there is hypertrophy of the parenchymal cells but the organ looks smaller in size
when the organ looks bigger in size but there is only hypertrophy of the stromal elements
when the organ is normal in size but there is hypertrophy of the parenchymal cells
when the organ is normal in size but there is atrophy of the parenchymal cells
Indicate the correct statement(s) for metaplasia.
it has two subtypes — prosoplasia and anaplasia
it can be direct and indirect
it is the transformation of one differentiated tissue into another related tissue type
it is the transformation of on tissue into cancerous tissue
Indicate the correct statement(s) for dyspasia.
it is a process of disordered cellular development
it can develop in soft tissues
it can develop in tissues of epithelial origin
it is an adaptive process
Which of the following tissues can undergo hypertrophy?
heart muscle
brain membranes
striated muscles
endothelium of big vessels
Which of the following tissues can undergo hyperplasia?
glandular mucosa of the uterus
glandular structures of the prostate
red bone marrow
smooth muscle cells of the uterus
Corpora amylacea can be seen microscopically in?
the glands of uterine mucosa
the glands of prostate
the kidney's convoluted tubules
the follicles of thyroid gland
How does the hypertrophic myocardium look like grossly?
enlarged in size
smaller in size
papillary muscles are hypertrophic
increased heart weight
Hyperplasia of the endometrium can be:
direct and indirect
typical and atypical
with formation of cysts or with formation of pseudo-cysts
diffuse and localized
What are the complications of prostate hyperplasia?
urinary retention, frequent urinary tract infections
sexual dysfunction
transitional cell carcinoma
hydronephrosis
Indicate the correct statement(s) for brown atrophy of the liver.
it can happen because of aging
it can happen because of infection diseases or starvation
it can happen because of chronic right sided heart failure
it can be result of Budd-Chiari syndrome
Which is the pigment of aging?
bilirubin
hemosiderin
lipofuscin
hematoidin
Which is the main complication after squamous metaplasia of the respiratory bronchial epithelium?
squamous carcinoma of the bronchus
chronic bronchitis
small-cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma of the bronchus
Post-ischemic, post-compressive, collateral and angioneurotic are types of:
chronic systemic venous congestion
acute venous congestion
arterial hyperemia
non of the above
Which is the term used for edematous fluid?
exudate
transudate
haemorrhage
cyst
Which are the main characteristics of the transudate?
specific gravity is less than 1016
specific gravity is more than 1016
protein content is less than 3%
protein content is more than 3%
Epistaxis and melena are examples for:
edema
haemorrhages
venous congestion
What is hemascos?
blood in the urine
blood in the peritoneal cavity
blood in the excrement
blood vomiting
What is hematemesis?
blood in the excrements
nose bleeding
bleeding from the lungs
What is hemoptoe
bleeding from the nose
blood in the pleural cavity
Which are the causes for liver cyanosis?
shock
chronic right sided heart failure
acute right sided heart failure
thrombosis of the hepatic veins
Which are the causes for nutmeg liver?
chronic left and right sided heart failure
chronic left sided heart failure
Which of the following organ changes might be of straight or reverse type?
nutmeg liver
cyanosis of the liver
cyanosis of the kidneys
brown induration of the lungs
Which of the following liver changes is reversible?
liver cirrhosis
liver cyanosis
liver amyloidosis
Pin-point hemorrhages in the brain have usually the following pathogenesis:
per diapedesin
per rhexin
per diabrosin
all of the above
Can thrombosis develop after death?
yes, this is why we can see blood clots in the vessels after death
no, thrombosis is a pathological process which develops only during lifetime
it can develop both during life and after death
It develops in the agony preceding death
What is characteristic for the thrombus?
dry, crumbly, layered structure
moist, homogenous strucure
attached to the vessel's wall
unattached to the vessel's wall
What is characteristic for the post-mortem blood clot?
moist, homogenous structure
Indicate types of embolism depending on the content of embolus.
gas, air, amniotic
thromboembolism, fat embolism
arterial, venous
orthograde, retrograde, paradoxal
Indicate types of embolism according to the way of blood flow.
gas, air, thromboembolism, amniotic, fat, parasite
orthograde, retrograde
paradoxical
Indicate types of embolism according to the character of the obturated blood vessel
thromboembolism, amniotic, fat, gas, air embolism
arterial
venous
orthograde, retrograde, paradoxical
Is it possible to prevent embolism?
no, it is something we cannot control or prevent
yes, by using anticoagulants
yes, by exercise in bed ridden patient and early getting up from bed after operation
yes, by staying in bed without moving after operation
In which organ hemorrhagic infarction can develop?
in organs with nutritive and functional blood circulation
in organs with nutritive circulation only
in organs with many anastomoses
hemorrhagic infarction can develop in any organ
Indicate the organ(s) where hemorrhagic infarction is possible.
heart
intestine
How can we prove amniotic embolism?
microscopically, by finding amniotic fluid in the left heart ventricle
grossly, by finding amniotic fluid in the right heart ventricle
microscopically, by finding amniotic particles such as lanugo, meconium etc. in the lungs
grossly, by finding amniotic particles in the lungs
Why does gas embolism develop?
because of the dissolution of blood gases, especially azotic oxide, caused by fast decompression
because of the dissolution of bood gases, especially type, caused by fast compression
because the negative pressure of the opened blood vessels on the neck and head can lead to air entry
because the positive pressure of the opened blood vessels on the neck and head can lead to air entry
What is needed for the development of hemorrhagic infarction the lung?
double circulation of the lung
thrombosis of a branch of a. broncialis
thrombosis of a branch of a. pulmonalis
chronic venous stagnation
What is the most common cause for the development of anemic infarction of the brain?
thrombosis or embolism of a. cerebri anterior
thrombosis or embolism of a. cerebri media
thrombosis or embolism of a. cerebri posterior
thrombosis or embolism of a. basillaris
What is the gross appearance of a previous anemic infarction of the brain?
fresh liquefactive necrosis
brain cyst
brain pseudocyst
irregular red-coloured area
In which cases inflammation is injuring the tissues instead of protecting them?
in autoimmune diseases
in neoplastic diseases
in immunodeficiency diseases
in congenital anomalies
Indicate the correct statements
gangrene of the appendix and gangrenous appendicitis are synonyms of one same disease
severe inflammation in gangrenous appendicitis leads to necrosis, while in gangrene of the appendix the necrosis is ischemic
gangrene of the appendix means necrosis of the appendix while gangrenous appendicitis means severe purulent inflammation of the appendix without necrosis
inflammation in gangrenous appendicitis is a primary process, while in gangrene the inflammation is secondary after the necrosis
What is catarrhal inflammation?
type of acute inflammation
subtype of serous inflammation in the respiratory tract
subtype of fibrinous inflammation in the respiratory tract
subtype of serous inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract
What is putrefactive inflammation?
synonym of gangrenous inflammation
type of chronic inflammation
subtype of purulent inflammation
Which are the subtypes of fibrinous inflammation?
phegmona
hemorrhagic
superficial (crouposa)
deep (diphtheria)
Which are the subtypes of purulent inflammation?
limited, called abscess
limited, called phegmona
diffuse called abscess
diffuse called phlegmona
Hemorrhagic, purulent, fibrinous, gangrenous, serous are types of:
acute inflammation
chronic inflammation
Indicate type(s) of acute inflammation.
polyp
specific granuloma and non specific granuloma
purulent, serous, fibrinous
productive
The gross appearance "Ribbon-like fibrin deposits on the pericardium" describes:
chronic pericarditis
fibrinous myocarditis
fibrinous pericarditis
acute pericarditis
Which are the cells that infiltrate the whole thickness of the appendix in phlegmonous appendicitis?
lymphocytes and plasma cells
basophiles
neutrophils
giant multinucleated cells
What is typical for purulent lepto-meningitis?
hyperemic vessels, infiltration of the soft brain membranes by lymphocytes
hyperemic vessels, infiltration of the soft brain membranes by neutrophils
yellow-green exudate seen usually on the convex side of the brain
clear cerebro-spinal fluid
Which are the cells of acute inflammation?
giant cells
macrophages
lymphocytes
Which are the systemic signs of inflammation?
leukocytosis
fever
rubor, dolor, calor
tumor, funcio laesa
Which are the local signs of acute inflammation?
calor, tumor, rubor
dolor, funcio laesa
Which cells are the first line of defense in acute inflammation?
monocytes
Which are the main histological signs for chronic inflammatory process?
presence of exudate
lack of exudate
abundance of cells — lymphocytes, plasma cells, epitheloid cells, giant cells, fibroblasts
abundance of cells —neutrophils
Granulation tissue develops:
after necrosis
because of chronic inflammation
because of catarrhal inflammaton
in relation to wound-healing
Indicate the correct answer.
Lipo-granuloma and oleo-granuoma are examples of foreign body granulomas
Lipogranuloma and oleograuloma are examples of specific granulomas
Oleogranuloma means granuloma against exogenous lipids, while lipogranuloma means granuloma against endogenous lipids
Oleogranuloma means granuloma against endogenus Ipids while lipogranuloma means granuloma against exogenous lipids
Indicate the correct statement(s).
the acute abscess doesn't have its own membrane
the chronic abscess has specific membrane called pyogenic
both acute and chronic abscess have pyogenic membranes
pyogenic membrane is typical only for acute abscess
Which of the following is not microscopic characteristic of granulation tissue?
abundance of capillaries with plump endothelial cells
abundance of strong fibrin fibers
abundance of lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, fibroblasts
abundance of neutrophils, eosinophils and basophiles
Indicate the types of chronic inflammation
diffuse (interstitial)
fibrinous
polypoid
granulomatous
What is the outcome of granulation tissue?
necrosis
scar
tumor
abscess
What is a nasal polyp?
chronic inflammation of the nasal mucosa
acute inflammation of the nasal mucosa
it is usually related to allergy
it is a benign tumor developing in the nose
The giant cells type "foreign body" are derived from:
neutrophiles
epitheloid cells
Which of the following cannot cause foreign body granuloma?
surgical threads
parasites
fungi
lipids
Hydatid cysts affect most commonly:
the brain
the heart
the spleen
the liver
Which is the second most commonly affected organ by hydatid cysts?
brain
kidney
The following description indicates: Focal aggregates in the form of nodules of cells with phagocytic ability. The diameter of these nodules is no more than 1-2mm, in many cases they are seen only microscopically.
granulomas
metastases
polyps
granulation tissue
Which are the main signs of granulomatous inflammation?
formation of specific exudate and granulation tissue
diffuse infiltration of lymphocytes and pasma cells
formation of specific or non-specific granulomas
formation of polyps
Which are the factors that lead to formation of granulomas?
difficulties in phagocytosis of the pathological agent
the immune reaction of the organism
specific structures of the pathological agents
all of the listed above
What does the term 'specific inflammation' mean?
type of granulomatous inflammation which characterizes with specific arrangement of the chronic inflammatory cells, pathognomonic for a particular etiologic agent
type of granulomatous inflammation with disordered arrangement of the inflammatory cells
diffuse infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells
type of granulomatous inflammation which characterizes with specific arrangement of the acute inflammatory cells, pathognomonic for a particular etiologic agent
What type of productive inflammation develops around parasites?
specific granulomatous inflammation
non-specific granulomatous inflammation
polypoid inflammation
diffuse inflammation
What type of necrosis develops in the tuberculous granuloma?
Which of the following cells are seen in tuberculomas?
Giant cells type Langhans
Epitheloid cells
Tuton giant cells
Lymphocytes
The giant cells type Langhans are derived from:
Which giant cells have specific peripheral arrangement of the nuclei like horse-shoe
Foreign body giant cells
Langhans giant cells
none of the above
In which stage of syphilis do the specific luetic granulomas develop?
first
second
third
they develop in all stages
What type of necrosis develops in luetic granulomas?
clay-like
caseous
liquefactive
coagulative
What type of necrosis develops in the cat-scratch disease?
gummous
Mark the correct answer(s) about actinomycosis.
has three stages of development
has cervical, abdominal and thoracic forms
grossly, granular substance might be seen in the pus
grossly, rubbery lesions with central necrosis are seen in the affected organs
Mark the correct diagnosis according to the following microscopic description of a granuloma. Lack of necrosis, abundance of epitheloid cell, Langhans cells, collagen fibres, Shaumann bodies.
tuberculosis
sarcoidosis
rheumatism
syphilis
Mark the correct diagnosis according to the following microscopic description of a grauloma: Gummous necrosis, surrounded by epitheloid cells, single Langhans cells, abundance of plasma cells, less lymphocytes, fibroblasts.
The sulfur granule is characteristic for:
felinosis
actinomycosis
leprosy
Mark the correct diagnosis according to the following microscopic description Of a granuloma. Fibrinoid necrosis, surrouned by abundant lymphocytes, plasma cells, many cells of Anichkov and pathognomonic cells of Aschoff.
rheumatoid arthritis
What changes can be seen in the immune organs in immune deficiency?
hyperplasia
hypoplasia
atrophy
hypertrophy
What histological changes could be seen in thyroid in Hashimoto thyroiditis.
unchanged
infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells
fibrosis
formation of lymph follicles
The histological changes in Hashimoto thyroiditis affect:
entire thyroid gland
markedly focal
The thyroid follicles in Hashimoto thyroiditis are:
dilated
polymorphous
smaller
