select the epithelial ovarian tumours
granulosa cell tumor
thecoma
brenner's tumor
androblastoma
252: which of the following are epithelial ovarian tumors
serous granuloma
dysgerminoma
253: which of the following are sex-ord stromal ovarian tumors
254: which of the following ovarian tumors are benign
papillary cystadenoma
papillary cystadenocarcinoma
255: which of the following ovarian tumors are malignant
serous cystadenoma
endodermal yolk sac tumor
mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
256: in fibro-cystic breast disease we find the following
solitary nodule
multiple nodules
cyst
papillary proliferations
257: in fibroadenoma of the breast we find
cysts
solitary nodules
proliferated mammary ducts and stroma
258: benign prostate hyperplaia is seen most commonly in
median lobe
Subscapular prostate tissuee
lateral lobes
periurethreal prostate tissue
259: prostate carcinoma is usualy seen in
lateral lobe
possterior lobe
periuretheral prostatic tissue
subcapsular prostate tissue
260: which two markers are valuable for the diagnosis of prostate cancer
PSA
HER2
PAP
estrogen receptors
261: what pathogenic mechanism can be used for the therapy of prostate carcinoma
hormonal therapy-antitestosterone drugs
hormonal therapy-antiprogesterone drugs
treatment with monoclonal antibodies
which of the following types of cancer metastasize to bone
ovarian cancer
renal cancer
breast cancer
thyroid gland cancer
bone metastases are observed in which of the following types of cancer
gastric cancer
prostate cancer
which of the following statements are true for graves disease
it is the most common cause for hypothyroidism
exopthalmus in some patients
pretibial myxedema
usually most patients are euthyroud
the following is true for grave's
it causes heroerthroidism
autoantibodies against TSH receptors
affects men more than women
thyroid stimulating igG is the cause
histiologically in grave's disease we can find
nodular colloid goiter
signs of thyroid hyperfunction
small thyroid follicles with small amounts of dilluted colloid
many resorbtive vacuoles in the thyroid
in nodular toxic goiter we can observe the following
exoptholmos
there are found autoantibodies against TSH-receptors
colloid nodular goiter
which of the following are renal complications for diabetes
arterioo-hyalinosis of vas afferens and vas efferens
chronic pyelonephritis
diffuse and segmental glomerulosclerosis
diabetic retinopathy
in goiter we observe
cystically dilated thyroid follicles
histological accomodation of the epitheloum lining the follicles
papillary folds of the epithelium of the follicles
diluted, scarce colloid
hashimoto thyroiditis is chaaracterized by
the thyroid follicles are dilated, filled with large amounts of concentrated colloid
atypical looking cells called oncocytes
the thyroid follicles are replaced by lymph follicles
these lymphoid follicles have pale germinal centres
pneumococcus usually causes infections of the cns in
newborns
adults
teenagers
toddlers
haemmophylus influenza is the most common etiological agent for infections of the CNS in
Escherichia coli is the most common etiological agent for infections of the CNS in
Neissaria meningitidis is the most common etiological agent for infections of the CNS in
Which of the following statements are true tumors for tumours of the CNS
metastatic tumours to the brain are more common than the primary
primary tumors of the CNS often metastasize outside the CNS
Primary tumors of the CNS almost never metastasize outside the CNS
most important factor for the outcome is the tumor location
which are the purposes of pathological autopsy
to accuse the clinicians of medical malpractice
to establish the cause of death and the definitive diagnosis
to help educate clinicians and to improve their work
to help the relatives of the deceased to convict the doctors
which are the donditions for an autopsy to be done
death occured in a hospital due to a disease
available medical history of the patient
presence of the treating doctor
all of the above
what are the characteristics of a frozen section
urgent diagnosis given during an operation
the preparation of the tissue samples is done by a parrafin method
the preparation of the tissue sample is done on a freezing microtome
sometimes the diagnosis is not exactly clear because of the preparation method but information like "malingant tumor", "benign tumor" or "inflammation" is given to the surgeons to know how to proceed with the operation
which fixative is most commonly used
bouin solution
absolute alcohol
formalin 10%
salts of heavy metals
what fixatives should be used for a liver biopsy from a baby with a suspected inherited metabolic disease
1,5-4% glutaraldehyde
frozen section
zenker's fixative
what is the role of immiunohistochemical stains
to give urgent answers about the diagnosis or at least orientation about the pathological process during surgery
to determine the histogenesis of the tumor especially in highly undifferentiarted malignant tumors
to determine the proliferative activity and the hormonal receptros of the tumor that is highly important for the treatment
to help determine the cause of death
cytokeratin, S-protein, vimentin, desmin, CD-20 are examples of
special stains to prove different substances
imunohistochemical markers
in which cases a pathological autopsy is performed
when there is suspicion for diagnostic or therrapeutic malpractice
death of a person outside the hospital
when there is suspicion of violent death
death of a patient in the hospital and when the relatives dont ask the principal to cancen the autopsy
which of the followingd id not a part of performing an autopsy
dissection of organ
opening the body
taking a biopsy from organ change
extraction of abdominal and thoracic organs
size, shape, elasticity, consistency, color and cut surfaces are characteristics of
microscope examination of organs
gross examination of organs
ultramiscrscopic examination of organs
none of the listed
indicate correctly the name of the described test. The pericardial sac is cut in a Y-like section and filled with water, after that, in the presence of a witness, the right ventricle is punctured with a knife
test for thromboembolism
test for pneumothroax
test for air and gas embolism
test for fat embolism
Indicate correctly the name of the described test: The pulmonary artery is cut at the place of truncus pulmonalis. Tweezers are inserted and the content of the artery is taken out for examination
test for pneumothorax
indicate correctly the name of the described test: A pocket between the skin and the ribs is formed and is filled with water. In the presence of a witness, the thorax is punctured with a thin knife in an intercostal space
where is the main accumulation of glycogen in patients with diabetes
in epithelial cells of conovulated tubules and henle's loop
in epithelial cells of gastrointestinal mucosa
in the nuclei and in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes
endothelial cells of the vessels
the abnormal inclusions in the hepatpcytes in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
glycogen
lipids
bile
proteins
PAS reaction with PAS control is used to distinguish
Cholesterol from other lipids
glycogen from mucus
DNA from RNA
denatured intracelliilar proteins from accumulated extracellular proteins
PAS control is done using
sulfuric acid
hydrocloric acid
amylase
picric acid
what is the relation between fatty degeneration of the liver and diabetes
there is no relation between them
patients with diabetes have increased intake of lipifd to provide more energy
the fatty liver in diabetes is caused by increased lipolysis and increased delivery of fatty acids in the liver
the fatty liver leads to diabetes mellitis
what is the adroid type of obesity
also called "male" ore "apple" type, it is the accumulation of lipids in the fatty cells around the shoulders, thorax and waist
also called "female" or "pear" type, it is the accumulation of luipids in the fatty cells around the hips, thighs and legs
generalized obesity predominantly on the face, shoulders, and thorax
generalized obesity predominantly in the thighs, hips and legs
what is gynoid type obesity
also called "male" or "apple" type, it is the accumulation of lipids in the fatty cells around the shoulders, thorax and waist
also called "female" or "pear" type, it is the accumulation of lipids in the fatty cells around the hips, tights and legs
generalized obesity predominantly on the face, shoulders and thorax
what is upper type of obesity
also called "female" or "pear" type, it is the accumulation of lipids in the fatty cells around the hips, thighs and legs
generalized obesity predominantly on the shoulders, face and thorax
generalized obesity predominantly on the thighs, hips and legs
what is lower type of obesity
also called "female" or "pear" type, it is the accumulation of lipids in the fatty cells around the thighs, hips and legs
generalized obesity predominantly on the thighs , hips and legs
which obesity has the worse prognosis
gynoid type
male type
the obesity doesnt affect the patient's health
all of the obesity types have the same prognosis
haemolytic jaundice is characterized by the following laboratory findings
the increased indirect billirubin in the serum, hypercholic stoools and increased urobilinogen in the urine
both types of bilirubin are increased in the serum, normal colour of the stools, oth bilirubin and urobilinogen are increased in the urine
increased direct bilirubin in the serum, hypocholic or acholic stools, inccreased billirubin in the urine
none of the above
mechanical jaundice is characterized by the following laboratory findings
increased indirect billirubin in the serum, hypercholic stools and increased urobillinogen in the urine
increased direct billirubin in the serum, hypocholic or acholic stools, inctreased bilirubin in the urine
parenchymal jaundice is characterized by the following laboratory findings:
increased direct bilirubin in the serum, hypocholic or acholic stools, increased bilirubin in the urine
what is the common between fibrosis, sclereosis and cirrhosis
the common is the increased development of connective tissue in the organ
the common is the lipid accumulation in the interstitium of the organ
the common is the fibrinoud degeneration of the organ
they are different processes and dont have anything common between them
whay is the clinical significance of hyalinosis of the pancreatic arterioles
it an cause diavetes mellitus
it an cause pancreatic cancer
it an cause acute pancreatitis
hyalinosis in the pancreas is a physiological process related with aging
which stain is used to prove rheumatism in acute stage in a heart valve
prussian blue
toluidin blue
congo-red
pearls
mucoid swelling can be seen in
heart valves in rheumatism
basedow's dermopathy
myxedema
the necrosis which develops ar the base of an acure or chronic active ulcer in the stomach or duodenum is
coagulative
caseous
fibrinoid
liquefactive
indicate the correct statement(s) for he neogrosclerosis arteriolosclerotica
it affects micoscopically the afferent and efferent arterioles
it is a result of prolonged benign hypertension
it is a reversible process
the process is hyalinosis
what are the microscopic changes seen in the brain in benign long-term hypertension
hyalinosis of the vessel's walls
edema around vessels
accumulation of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the soft brain membranes
development of specific granulomas in the brain tissues
the gross descriotion: thick, hard, glassy, whitish depositions, non-digestable by enzymes, is indicative for
steatonecrosis
liquefactive necrosis
hyalinosis
fibrinoid deposition
the following diseases are examples of amylid depositions. find the mistake
rheumatoid arthritis-AA amyloid
multiple myeloma-AL amyloid
medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland-AA amyloid
alzheimer's disease-A4 myeloid
sago spleen and lardaceous spleen are
gross appearamce of the localized (sago spleen) and generalized (lardaceous spleen) amyloidosis of the spleen
sago spleen is amyloidosis of the spleen, while lardaceous spleen is hyalinosis of the spleen
gross apperance of the spleen in hodgkin's lymphoma depending on on rhe severity of the process
in lardaceous spleen the amyloid is deposited in the white pulp only, while in sago spleen both the white and red pulp have amyloid deposition
systemic amyloidosis is proven by a biopsy from
gingiva
heart
fat tissue from abdominal wall
ileum
what type of calcification develops in the complicated athereosclerotic plaques
metastatic
dystrophic
metabolic
physiological
which are the causes for hypocalcemia
hypoparathyroidism
hyperparathyroidism
intoxication with vit d
senile osteoporosis
what kind of gout can develop in a patient with leucemia
gout caused by excesive consumption of meat and meat products
genetic gout caused by an error in the metabolism of uric acid
renal injury because kidneys cannot excrete the excessive amount of uric acid
patient with leucosis never develop gout
which if the following microscopic desccriptions most likely suggestt kidney amyloidosis? te stain is H-E in all the described specimens
highly enlarged glomeruli. the capillary tufts filled almost all tof the capsular space. capillary lumens are obliterated; pink homogenous substance is deposited also in the mesangium, in the basement membranesof the tubules and in the walls of the blood vessels
afferent ans efferent arterioles have homogenously thick walls stained in pink, some of the glomeruli look smaller, with totally effaced structure and homogenously pink in colour, while others may look normal in size or even with compensatory hypertrophy
the interstitium shows chronic inflammatory reaction, the main change is seen in the kidney tubules which look dilated and filled with pinkish substance ( these tubules look like thryoid follicles )
many glomeruli showw crescent proliferations, encompassing 2/3 of the bowman;s space: the process ends with global sclerosis of the glomerulus
which of the following stain(s) is used to prove amyloidosis
van gieson
methyl violet
mark the correct statement(s) for kidney amyloidosis
smallm shrunken kidneys with granular surgace and difficult decapsulation
enlarged pale kidneys with waxy texture
Amyloidosis affects only one of the kidneys and doesn;t lead to chronic renal failure
kidney amyloidosis is reversible after the treatment of the primary disease and has very good prognosis
granulomatous structures consisting of uric acid crystals, lymphocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts and giant multinucleated cells type "foreign body" are characteristic for which disease
tuberculosis
sarcoidosis
gout
brucellosis
calcification of the aorta characterizes with;
hard, rigid wall of the aorta
soft, elastic wall of the aorta
can be complicated with mural thrombosis and aneurysm
is a result of metabolic calcification
renal complications of gout are
uric crystals nephrolithiasis
uric-acid infarction
urate nephropathy
all of the listed above
what type of necrrosis develops in the specific granuloma in tuberculosis
coagulative necrosis
caseous necrosis
which of the following terms are used to describe liquefactive necrosis of the brain
ramolicio cerebri
encephalomalacia
infarctus anemicus cerebri
hydrocephalus
which type of necrosis develops in the pancreas
steatonecrosis/ fat necrosis
what type of necrosis develps in the specific granulooma in tuberculosis
indicate the correct statement(s) for dyspasia
it is a proceess of disordered cellular development
it can develop in soft tissues
it can develop in tissues of epithelial origin
it is an adaptive process
corpora amylacea can be seen microscopically in
the glands of the uterine mucosa
the glands of the prostate
the kidney's of the convuluted tubules
the follicles of thyroid gland
how does the hypertrophic myocardium look like grossly
enlargmed in size
smaller in size
papillert muscles are hypertrophic
increased heart weight
hyperplasia of the endometrium can be
direct and indirect
typical and atypical
with formation of cysts or with formation of psuedo-cysts
diffuse and localized
what are the complications of prostate hyperplasia
urinary retention, frequent urinary tract infections
sexual dysfunction
transitional cell carcinoma
hydronephrosis
which is the main complication after squamous metaplasia of the respiratory bronchial epithelieum
swuamous carcinoma of bronchus
chronic bronchitis
small-cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma of the bronchus
epistaxis and melena are examples of
edema
exudate
haemorrhage
venous congestion
what is hemascos
blood in the urine
blood in the peritoneal cavitiy
blood in the excrement
blood vomiting
what is hematemesis
blood vomitting
blood in the excrements
nose bleeding
bleeding from the lungs
what is hemoptoe
bleeding from the nose
blood in the pleural cavity
which of the following liver changes is reversible
liver cirrhosis
liver cyanosis
nutmeg liver
liver amyloidosis
pin point hemorrhages in the brain usually have the following pathogenesis
per diapedesin
per rhexin
per diabrosin
can thrombosis develop after death
yes, this is why we can see blood clots in vessels after death
no, thrombosis is a pathological process which develops only during lifetime
it can develop both during life and after death
it develops in the agony preceeding death
what is characteristic for the post-mortem blood clot
dry, crumbly, layered structre
moist, homogenous structure
attatched to the vessel's wall
unattatched to the vessel's wall
indicate types of embolism depending on the content of embolus
gas, air, amniotic
thromboembolism, fat embolism
arterial, venous
orrthograde, retrograde, paradoxal
indicate types of embolism according to the way of blood flow
gas, air, thromboebmoolism, amniotic, fat, parasite
orthograde, retrograde
paradoxical
indicate types of embolism according to the character of the obturated blood vessel.
thromboemvolism, amniotiic, fat, gas, air embolism
arterial
venous
orthograde, retrograde, paradoxical
is it possible to prevenet embolism
no, it is something we cannot control or prevent
yes, by using anticoagulants
yes, by excercise in bed ridden atient and early getting up from bed after operation
yes, by staying in bed without moving after an operation
in which organ hemorrhagic infarction can develop
in organs with nutritive and functinoal blood circulation
in organs with nutritive circulation only
in organs with many anastomoses
hemmorhagic infarction can develop in any organ
indicate the organ(s) where hemorrhagic infarction is possible
liver
lung
intestine
how can we prove amniotic embolism
microscopically, by finding amniotic fluid in the heart ventricle
grossly, by finding amniotic fliud in the right heart ventricle
microscopically, by finding amniotic particles such as lanugo, meconium etc. in the lungs
grossly, by finding amniotic particles in the lungs
why does an embolism develop
because of the dissolution of blood gases, especially axotic oxide, caused by fast decompression
because of the dissolution of blood gases, especially type, caused by fast compression
because the negative pressure of the opened blood vessels on the neck and head can lead to air entry
because the posiive pressure of the opened blood vessels on the neck and head can lead to air entry
what is needed for the development of hemorrhagic infarction of the lung
double circulation of the lung
thrombosis of a branch of a. bronchialis
thrombosis of branch a. pulmonis
chronic venous stagnation
what is te most common cause for the development of anemic infarction of the brain
thromvosis or embolism of a. cerebri anterior
thrombosis or embolism of a. cerebri media
thrombosis or embolism of a, cerebri posterior
thrombosis or embolism of a. basillaris
what is the gross appearance of a previous anemic infarction of the brain
fresh liquefactive necrosis
brain cyst
brain pseudocyst
irregular red- coloured area
