How did people explain bad behavior "back in the day"?

Spiritualism Explanations

Compurgation

What is wrong with spiritual explanations?

The Classical School

Cesare Beccaria

Social Contract

Principles of Becarria

Two Types of Deterrence

Two Types of Deterrence
* General *

Two Types of Deterrence
* Specific *

Three Elements of Deterrence

Three Elements of Deterrence
* Swift *

Three Elements of Deterrence
* Certain *

Three Elements of Deterrence
* Severe *

The Positive School

Johann Layater & Physiognomy

Franz Joseph Gall & Phrenology

Lombroso's Positive School

Lombroso's Atavistic

Lombroso's Atavistic Individuals

Lombroso's Four Classifications of Criminals

Lombroso's Four Classifications of Criminals
* Born Criminal *

Lombroso's Four Classifications of Criminals
* Insane Criminal *

Lombroso's Four Classifications of Criminals
* Occasional Criminal *

Lombroso's Four Classifications of Criminals
* Criminals of Passion *

Lombroso's Lasting Legact

Italian Criminological Tradition

Enrico Ferri & Habitual Criminal
& Interactive Effects

Enrico Ferri & Habitual Criminal & Interactive Effects

Raffaele Garofalo &
Pity/Probity

Raffaele Garofalo &
Pity/Probity

Other Early Studies

Goring & English Convicts

Kretschmer Three Body Types

Kretschmer Three Body Types
* Asthenic *

Kretschmer Three Body Types
* Athletic *

Kretschmer Three Body Types
* Pyknic *

William Sheldon & Somatotyping

Williem Sheldon & Somatotyping
* Endomorphic *

William Sheldon & Somatotyping
* Mesomorph *

William Sheldon & Somatotyping
* Ectomorph *

Frued Id/ Ego/ Superego

Frued Id/ Ego/ Superego

* Id*

Frued Id/ Ego/ Superego

* Ego*

Frued Id/ Ego/ Superego

* Superego

Major Family Studies

Dugdale & Jukes
Family Study

Goddard & Kalikaks
Family Study

IQ Studies

Alfred Binet & Changeable IQ

Goddard & Innate IQ

Policy Implications