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amna mohd
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Mindmap am Yellow eyes, erstellt von amna mohd am 01/03/2018.
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12564819
mind_map
2019-03-03T11:22:38Z
Yellow eyes
Anatomy of the
liver
Liver
Anatomy of the biliary
system
Jaundice
Liver
function
Blood
reservoir
Metabolic
organ
Carbohydrate
metabolism
Fat
metabolism
Protein
metabolism
Storage
site
Detoxification
Iron
Vitamins
Drugs
Elimination of ammonia
Elimination of bilirubin
Physiology of the Extrahepatic system
Bile
Fat digestion by bile acids
Large fat --> minute particles
Aid in absorption of digested fat --> intestinal mucosal membrane
Excretion of waste product from the blood including bilirubin & cholesterol
What is it ?
Signs & Symptoms
A yellow tinge to the skin and the
whites of the eyes, normally
starting at the head and
spreading down the body
Pale stools
Dark urine
Itchiness
Fatigue
Abdominal pain
Weight loss
Vomiting
Fever
Normal billirubin metabolism
Types
Pre-Hepatic
Hepatocellular
Post-Hepatic
Haemolytic anaemia
Gilbert’s syndrome
Criggler-Najjar syndrome
Alcoholic liver disease
Viral hepatitis
Medication
Hereditary haemochromatosis
Autoimmune hepatitis
Primary biliary cirrhosis
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Intra-luminal causes, such as gallstones
Mural causes, such as cholangiocarcinoma, strictures, or drug-induced cholestasis
Extra-mural causes, such as pancreatic cancer or abdominal masses (e.g. lymphomas)
Causes
Hepatitis
Alcohol-related liver disease
Blocked bile ducts
Pancreatic cancer
Certain medicines
A medical condition with yellowing of the skin or whites
of the eyes, arising from excess of the pigment bilirubin
and typically caused by obstruction of the bile duct, by
liver disease, or by excessive breakdown of red blood cells.
Epidemiology
What is it?
Types
Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver. Many illnesses and conditions can cause inflammation of
the liver, for example, drugs, alcohol, chemicals, and autoimmune diseases.
HAV -- Developing countries with poor sanitary conditions and hygienic practices
HBC -- Western Pacific Region and the WHO African Region
HCV -- Eastern Mediterranean and European Regions
HDV -- Mediterranean, Middle East, Pakistan, Central and Northern Asia, Japan, Taiwan, Greenland and parts of Africa
HEV -- Resource-poor areas with frequent water contamination
Pathophysiology
CD8 cells attack virally-infected hepatocytes and induce apoptosis
So there is infiltration of lymphocytes ( CD8)
Persistent inflammation : will lead to fibrosis : chronic hepatitis: post-necrotic cirrhosis
Prognosis
Lab investigations
Liver Function Test
CBC/WBC
Hepatitis serological markers:
Total Bilirubin
CB
UCB
Serum Albumin
Total Protein
Serum Globulin
Alanine Aminotransferase
Alanine Phosphatase
Gamma GT
Prothrombin Time
Urea, Electrolytes, and creatinine
Complications
Fulminant hepatitis
Scarring of the liver (cirrhosis).
Liver cancer
Liver failure
Kidney failure
Vasulitis
Management
HBV
HCV
Lamivudine
Adefovir
Entecavir
Pegylated Interferon
A cytosine analogue- Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTI)
An analog of adenosine monophosphate
Side effects
Nephrotoxicity
Lactic acidosis
An analog of guanosine monophosphate
Side effects
Side effects
Potential adverse events are headache, fatigue, dizziness, nausea, rash, and fever.
Lung adenomas and carcinomas in mice, hepatic adenomas and carcinomas in rats and mice,
vascular tumors in mice, and brain gliomas and skin fibromas in rats have been observed at varying
exposures.
Headache, nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, myalgia, and malaise are rare
Co-infection with HIV may increase the risk of pancreatitis
Ribavirin
Boceprevir
Telarprevir
Daclatsevir
Sofosbuvir
A guanosine analogue
Side effects
Hemolytic anemia
Direct acting anti-viral agents
Direct acting anti-viral agent
Sofosbuvir is a nucleotide analog that inhibits the HCV NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in
patients infected with HCV genotype 1, 2, 3, or 4.
Their metabolism and excretion mainly by the kidneys, where they undergo rapid proteolysis during
tubular reabsorption, so detection in the systemic circulation is negligible
Side effects
fFu-like symptoms
Bone depression
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12564819
mind_map
2019-03-03T11:22:38Z
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