Edexcel (9-1) Topic 4

The reactivity series can be used to see the relative tendency for metal atoms to form ❌ - the higher up the series, the more likely it will form a ❌ ion.
Something similar can be said for a metal's resistance to ❌ - the higher up the series, the more easier it is to ❌.

The Earth’s resources of ❌ are limited. One of the metals we are worried about is ❌, as its ores are becoming scarce. Luckily new ways of extracting copper from ❌ have been developed. These include phytomining, and bioleaching. These methods avoid a lot of energy costs compared to traditional mining methods of digging, moving and disposing of large amounts of ❌.

The concentrations of the reactants vs products are not necessarily equal, and there is usually more of one than the other:
if the concentration of the reactants is higher than products, we say the equilibrium lies to the ❌
if the concentration of the products is higher than the reactants, we say the equilibrium lies to the ❌