What energy source is predominant for activities lasting <15 secs?
Phosphagen
Glycolytic
Mitochondrial
What energy source is predominant for activities lasting <2 min?
What energy source is predominant for activities lasting <5 min?
Mitochondrial respiration
As exercise intensity increases, what happens to the proportion of energy supplied by carbohydrate?
increases
decreases
doesn't change
Which of these fuels can be used by muscle?
glycogen reserve
plasma glucose
TAG from plasma lipoproteins
Plasma non-estreified FAs
Plasma ketone bodies
TAG from adipose tissue reserves
which of these will not effect the type of fuel used by muscle?
intensity of work
duration of exercise
fed state
fasting state
day of the week
what type of power output will anaerobic glycolysis have?
modest
large
small
how long can anaerobic glycolysis support muscle contraction?
up to 10 mins only
up to 1 min only
up to 5 min only
up to 30 mins only
what type of muscle fibres are mainly used with anaerobic glycolysis?
fast twitch fibres
slow twitch fibres
mixed fibres
What type of power output does aerobic metabolism have?
very low
moderate
very high
how long can aerobic metabolism support muscle contraction?
up to 10 mins
up to 10 hours
for multiple days
for multiple weeks
1 min
What type of concentration is lactate accumulated in aerobic physical work?
high concentration
not high concentration
What is the limit of accumulation of lactic acid in the muscle cell?
25mM
25M
10mM
10M
What are the classifications of doping agents?
increasing endurace
increasing muscle mass
decreasing fatigue
improving recovery
decreasing hunger
increasing energy use
decreasing dehydration
Doping agents can be classified according to their specific effects
Extremely high hematocrit value could induce serious, deleterious consequences, including:
heart attack
stroke
embolism
EPO can be tested by determining hematocrit, what is the maximum acceptable?
50%
25%
10%
75%
90%
What are the doping substances most widely used for improving muscle mass and strength?
anabolic androgen steroids
catabolic androgen steroids
EPO
aromatase inhibitors
bets -2 agonists
Aromatase inhibitors...
slow the conversion of testosterone to estradiol, increasing the steady state concentration of testosterone.
slow the conversion of estradiol to testosterone, increasing the steady state concentration of estradiol
are used for treatment of asthma
improve aerobic performance
rapidly increase muscle mass and strength
What steroids are used for treatment of asthma and slightly improve the aerobic performance in the lungs of healthy individuals?
beta-2-agonists
anabolic steroids
androgen steroids
What is the most anabolic hormone in the human body?
insulin
androgen
testosterone
ADH
thyroxine
How do some substances decrease feelings of fatigue and nervousness?
by imitating the effects of the stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine
by stimulating the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
by supplying rapid energy release
placebo effect
Which of these decrease feelings of fatigue and nervousness?
amphetamine derivatives
ephedrine
cocaine
caffeine
glucose
beta-2 antagonists
In aerobic physical activity the metabolic fuels (carbs and lipids) a pretty completely oxidized in the citric acid cycle and electron transport system
A large percentage of the energy for aerobic physical activity comes from...
The oxidation of lipids
The reduction of lipids
The oxidation of fatty acids
The reduction of fatty acids
Proteins
High concentration of blood lactate May completely replace glucose as a substrate for oxidation during very active exercise in human brain
Which of these are sources of muscle glucose for glycolytic metabolism?
Blood glucose from liver glycogen
Glucose from glycogenolysis from muscle glycogen
Blood glucose from an exogenous source
Lactic acid
Pyruvic acid
Glucogenic protein as a fuel source may be used to form
Pyruvate
Oxaloacetate
Malate
Acetyl Co A
Acetoacetate
Ketogenic protein as a fuel source may be used to form
Acetylene Co A
Epinephrine stimulates...
Glycogen breakdown
Glycogen storage
Acetyl co A
Muscle glycogen gives ❌ energy, metabolism is done directly by ❌, its the ❌ for an athlete. Liver glycogen gives ❌energy storage for ❌, metabolism is done by ❌ and stores are ❌ after 1 hour of intense exercise.
Simple carbs have ❌ absorption, rapid ❌ in blood glucose, ❌ increase in insulin and glucose is stored as glycogen and ❌ because ❌ is saturated with ❌. Complex carbs have a ❌ absorption and slow increase in blood glucose, they have a ❌ insulin response and maximize ❌ stored as ❌. ❌ are preferred for athletes.
