Explain the relationship between potential energy and kinetic energy.

In your own words, describe the difference between anabolic and catabolic pathways.

If the activation energy of a reaction is 1250 kJ/mol, and the energy released by the formation of products in the reaction is 1386 kJ/mol, what types of reaction has taken place?

Describe the structure of an ATP molecule.

How does the structure of the ATP molecule relate to the large amounts of free energy it contains?

Describe the process of ATP hydrolysis.

Identify each of the following activities as either anabolic or catabolic:
a. Protein synthesis
b. Digestion
c. DNA synthesis
d. Photosynthesis
e. Cellular respiration

What are the net reactants in glycolysis?

What are the net products in glycolysis?

What occurs in the “glucose activation” phase of glycolysis?

What occurs in the “sugar-splitting” part of glycolysis?

What happens in the “oxidation” phase of glycolysis?

What happens in the “formation of ATP” phase of glycolysis?

The following enzymes are a part of glycolysis:
Aldolase; Hexokinase; Phosphoglucose isomerase; Pyruvate kinase

What's the order?

What does the enzyme, aldolase, accomplish?
A. Adds a phosphate group to ADP
B. Converts fructose-1,6-biphosphate into DHAP and G3P
C. Isomerizes DHAP into G3P
D. Shifts a phosphate group from one carbon to another

Glucose-6-phosphate is converted into fructose-6-phosphate using which enzyme?
A. Aldolase
B. Hexokinase
C. Phosphoglucose isomerase
D. Pyruvate kinase

Which enzyme converts glucose into glucose-6-phosphate?
A. Aldolase
B. Hexokinase
C. Phosphoglucose isomerase
D. Pyruvate kinase

What does the enzyme, pyruvate kinase, accomplish?
A. Converts 1,3-biphosphoglycerate into 3-phosphoglycerate
B. Converts glucose into glucose-6-phosphate
C. Converts phosphoenolpyruvate into pyruvate
D. Converts phosphoglycerate into phosphoenolpyruvate

Describe what happens (generally, no specifics) in each of the following types of enzymatic reactions:
A. Redox
B. Lysis
C. Mutase
D. Isomerization
E. Phosphorylation
F. Substrate-level phosphorylation

1. The following molecules are part of glycolysis. List the order in which they occur.
A. Fructose-6-phosphate
B. Phosphoenolpyruvate
C. 1,3-biphosphoglycerate
D. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
E. Pyruvate
F. Glucose-6-phosphate
G. 3-Phosphoglycerate
H. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)
I. Fructose-1,6- bisphosphate
J. Glucose
K. 2-phosphoglycerate

What does an isomerase enzyme accomplish?

What does a dehydrogenase enzyme accomplish?

What does a kinase enzyme accomplish?

What would happen if phosphoglucomutase did not function?

What would happen if triosephosphate dehydrogenase did not function?

What would happen if triosephosphate isomerase did not function?

What would happen if enolase did not function?

What would happen if phosphofructokinase did not function?

What would happen if phosphoglycerate kinase did not function?

Where does the citric acid cycle take place? Specifics?

In cellular respiration, what phases occur before the citric acid cycle and what are the end products that enter the next stages?

How is a 6-carbon molecule created at the beginning of the citric acid cycle?

How many molecules of ATP are produced in the citric acid cycle?

How many NADH are produced in the citric acid cycle?

How many FADH2 are produced in the citric acid cycle?

How many CO2 molecules are produced in the citric acid cycle? What happens to the molecules?

Why is the citric acid cycle, a cycle?

What is the net reaction of the citric acid cycle (per one turn of the cycle)?

What is the first protein complex that electrons pass through?

What is the second protein complex that electrons pass through? What happens to H+?

What is the third protein complex that electrons pass through? What happens to H+?

What is the fourth protein complex that electrons pass through? What happens to H+?

What molecule is the “final electron acceptor” in the chain? What molecule of waste is formed in this step?

What has been happening in the intermembrane space?

Do the electrons in NADH have the most or the least free energy in the electron transport chain?

The electrons in NADH form bonds as they move through the electron transport chain. Do these bond formations use or release energy?

What important molecule is needed for oxidative phosphorylation but not needed for substrate level phosphorylation?

How does the electron transport chain produce ATP? What is the driving force?

What is the primary function of the proton-motive force?

What do you think happens to ATP after it has been formed in the mitochondria?

Compare aerobic respiration and fermentation in terms of the amount of ATP that can be generated from a single glucose molecule

What is the difference between fermentation and glycolysis?

Why do cells rely on fermentation rather than glycolysis alone?

What anaerobic pathway is used to create a loaf of bread? How does this pathway work?

Name two other products that use the same pathway (anaerobic)

Do our muscle cells produce alcohol? Given that alcohol and lactate fermentation both yield 2 ATP molecules for every glucose molecule, do you think it would make any difference which pathway was used? Explain.

Identify some environments in which anaerobic respiration takes place.

Imagine that a muscle cell had a limited number of mitochondria but a very high oxygen supply. If this muscle cell were required to generate a great deal of power, do you think it would be benefit from lactate fermentation? Why or why not?