Exemplar 13.7: Spinal Cord Injury

The following is the pathophysiology and etiology of spinal cord injuries. Drag and drop the correct answers for each blank box. Good luck.

The brain and spinal cord are the 2 major components of the ❌ The spinal cord transports sensory signals from the body to the brain and from the brain to the body.

The spinal cord consists of an ❌ of ❌, which is made of neurons, glia, and blood vessels, and a surrounding area of ❌, which is made of myelin-coated axons.

The gray matter is further divided into 4 regions: ❌ of the ❌ that connect to visceral and somatic sensory neurons in the ❌ and visceral and somatic motor neurons of the ❌ that combine to form the ❌. The dorsal and ventral roots combine on each side of the body to form the ❌.

The axons of the white matter make up the descending and ascending pathways. The descending pathways carry signals from the ❌ to the ❌ and the ascending pathways carry signals from the ❌ to the brain.

The 33 bones of the vertebral column encase and protect the spinal cord. Between the bones of the vertebral column are ❌ that provide cushioning during movement, and the spinal nerves protrude from the spinal column ❌ the vertebrae near the spinal disks.

This is about the pathophysiology of spinal cord injuries. Drag and drop the correct answers. Good luck!

Most damage to the spinal cord occurs due to a ❌ that distorts the normal structure of the ❌ Bruising or tearing of the nerves occur when displaced bone fragments, disc material, or ligaments connecting the vertebrae come into contact with the ❌. The force may also cause damage to the blood vessels in the ❌, causing bleeding that can spread to the ❌ and nearby segments of the spinal cord.

The initial trauma produces a series of events that kills neurons, demyelinates axons, and triggers inflammation, Reduction in ❌ related to damage, swelling, and edema decreases oxygen to the nutrient supply, causing
neurons to die. The gray matter is particularly susceptible.❌ can also directly compress the nerves.

❌ that are normally trapped in blood vessels leak into the spinal cord, where they cause an inflammatory response, scavenge debris, and fight infection. They may also secrete cytokines that damage the nerve cells and stimulate ❌ production, forming scars.

Release of neurotransmitters, especially ❌, from damaged neurons causes excitotoxicity, which kills surrounding neurons and oligodendrocytes.

These processes, combined with other responses, result in the destruction of nerves. When nerves are destroyed, the individual experiences a loss of motor and sensory function..