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Control of Mental Processes

Frage 1 von 56

1

According to Norman and Shallice Schema Control Units,

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Are linked by excitatory connections

  • Represent competing responses

  • Are used for executive functions

  • Represent units in the primary visual cortex

Erklärung

Frage 2 von 56

1

The "Cartesian Theatre" was a term coined by Daniel Dennet to criticise the explanation of,

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Self-motivation in goal directed behaviour

  • Consciousness in psychology of vision

  • Free-will in religion

  • Social responsibility in Social Psychology

Erklärung

Frage 3 von 56

1

In Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) the homunculus can be seen as directly responsible for,

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Attention

  • Binding

  • Task Shifting

  • Forgetting

Erklärung

Frage 4 von 56

1

According to libertarian accounts, the fact that a person often makes choices proves,

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • nothing about whether a person has free-will

  • the physical motivations do not control the will

  • that the person has no physical motivations

  • that the person has free-will

Erklärung

Frage 5 von 56

1

A person who has little planning ability is likely to,

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • start late

  • finish late

  • get up late

  • go to bed late

Erklärung

Frage 6 von 56

1

In Shiffrin & Schneider (1977)

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • rehearsal is used for consolidation of long-term memory

  • controlled processes are effortful

  • sensory memory precedes short-term memory

  • controlled processes follow consistent practice

Erklärung

Frage 7 von 56

1

An automatic process is generally understood to be,

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • conscious

  • inconsistent

  • rapid

  • reflexive

Erklärung

Frage 8 von 56

1

According to neurocognitive models depicting the dorsal and the ventral streams, the latter

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • underlies automatic visuomotor performance

  • underlies controlled visuomotor performance

  • has further projections onto the prefrontal cortex

  • has further projections onto the limbic system

Erklärung

Frage 9 von 56

1

In visual search tasks, a steep slope relating Reaction Times and distractor set size would be expected when searching for

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • an E among Fs

  • a blue letter among red ones

  • an O among Xs

  • A small letter among big ones

Erklärung

Frage 10 von 56

1

Gratton, Coles, Sirevaag, Erikson & Donchin (1988), demonstrated that irrelevant and never executed responses can activate up the,

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • primary visual area

  • temporal cortex

  • primary motor cortex

  • prefrontal cortex

Erklärung

Frage 11 von 56

1

Contention Scheduling is, for Norman and Shallice (1986)

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • a mechanism to resolve competition

  • a mechanism to exert goal-directed control

  • a property of the perceptual system

  • a property of the supervisory attentional system

Erklärung

Frage 12 von 56

1

Automatic Processes are important to,

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • prevent errors

  • plan actions

  • improve speed

  • deal with difficulties

Erklärung

Frage 13 von 56

1

A person who has difficulties getting washed and dressed in the morning, despite being able to do so when prompted, is likely to present a problem with

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • set shifting

  • inhibition

  • action initiation

  • self-evaluation

Erklärung

Frage 14 von 56

1

Descartes agreed with Plato on the understanding that the mind (or soul),

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • lives in the world of ideas

  • influenced by the body

  • is not limited by the body

  • was located in the Pineal Gland

Erklärung

Frage 15 von 56

1

A person spends hours playing games on the mobile phone. Which of the executive functions is the least likely to be affected?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • inhibition

  • set-shifting

  • action initiation

  • self-evaluation

Erklärung

Frage 16 von 56

1

Which syndrome is unlikely to display anosognosia?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • schizophrenia

  • alzheimer

  • OCD

  • Huntington

Erklärung

Frage 17 von 56

1

What would be a good test of Action Initiation

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Verbal Fluency

  • Tower of London

  • Task Switching

  • Go, No-Go

Erklärung

Frage 18 von 56

1

Action Initiation is mostly mediated by,

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Orbitofrontal Cortex

  • Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex

  • Basal Ganglia

  • Motor Cortex

Erklärung

Frage 19 von 56

1

Dopamine is mainly involved in,

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • mood

  • reward

  • memory

  • perception

Erklärung

Frage 20 von 56

1

Bradyphrenia is the term referring to a common condition following neurological damage where the patient demonstrates

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • inability to stop an action once initiated

  • inability to stop tics or repetitive movements

  • slow reactions to stimuli

  • slow generation of thoughts

Erklärung

Frage 21 von 56

1

A person who tends to tell the end of the joke before the introduction is likely to have problems with

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • action initiation

  • goal activation

  • inhibition

  • set-shifting

Erklärung

Frage 22 von 56

1

For Besner, Stolz, and Boutilier (1997), the Stroop effect was eliminated by,

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Increasing the amount of practice

  • reducing the size of the target letter

  • colouring only one letter in the word

  • chaining the position of the letters

Erklärung

Frage 23 von 56

1

Haynes, Sakai, Rees, Gilbert, Frith, & Passingham (2007) found specific activation of different task goals before they were even executed in which area of the prefrontal cortex?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Orbitofrontal

  • Inferiofrontal

  • Medial

  • Lateral

Erklärung

Frage 24 von 56

1

How would you measure of a patient has problems with goal activation

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Verbal fluency

  • Tower of London

  • Wisconsin Card Sort Test

  • Go, No-Go

Erklärung

Frage 25 von 56

1

Hampshire, MacDonald & Owen (2013) found that retired American Football players showed under-activiaion in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex following which test?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Verbal Fluency

  • Tower of London

  • Wisconsin Card Sort Test

  • Go, No-Go

Erklärung

Frage 26 von 56

1

Damage to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is likely to induce,

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • echolia

  • hyperflexia

  • low self-care

  • anxiety

Erklärung

Frage 27 von 56

1

In the stop-signal paradigm, when does the stop signal normally appear?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • before the target

  • after the target

  • at the same time as the target

  • in these tasks there is no target

Erklärung

Frage 28 von 56

1

A person with goal activation problems will also demonstrate difficulties with,

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • inhibition

  • self-regulation

  • impulse control

  • action initiation

Erklärung

Frage 29 von 56

1

Aharoni et al (2013) could predict the chance of future rearrests for non-violent crimes by studying the activity of a particular brain area in the go no-go task. Which area are we referring to?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

  • Orbitofrontal Cortex

  • Medial Prefrontal Cortex

  • Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Erklärung

Frage 30 von 56

1

In Monchi et al's (2001) study, the authors tried to dissociate a number of processes using fMRI and the WCST. Which condition was used to measure set shifting?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Negative Feedback

  • Matching after negative feedback

  • Positive Feedback

  • Matching after positive feedback

Erklärung

Frage 31 von 56

1

In the alternating runs paradigm (Rogers & Monsell, 1995), the estimation of switch costs (switch minus repeat) does not measure differences in,

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • task set configuration

  • goal activation

  • rule maintenance

  • rule activation

Erklärung

Frage 32 von 56

1

In the Go-No Go task, the strongest response inhibition should be seen when participants successfully withhold responses in which condition?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • 20% Go, 80% No-Go

  • 50% Go, 50% No-Go

  • 80% Go, 20% No-Go

  • 20% Go, 20% No-Go

Erklärung

Frage 33 von 56

1

The error related negativity component (ERN/Me) peaks approximately at 100ms,

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • after incorrect response activation

  • after target onset

  • before incorrect response activation

  • before the target onset

Erklärung

Frage 34 von 56

1

To which ability to we refer when evaluating and self-monitoring?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • inhibit responses

  • inhibit impulses

  • detect when an error has been made

  • detect when the context is inappropriate

Erklärung

Frage 35 von 56

1

Awareness of an error can be measured by which ERP component?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • P300

  • Ne

  • Pe

  • P200

Erklärung

Frage 36 von 56

1

During perseverations, participants are often,

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • not aware of the change in the rule

  • aware of the new rule that needs to be applied, but not able to switch

  • aware that they made a mistake, but unable to retrieve the new rule

  • not aware of the alternative rules

Erklärung

Frage 37 von 56

1

Monchi et al (2001) studied some process dissociations within the Winconsisn Card Sort Test using fMRI. Where did they find activation related to the processing of the cue to switch?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Left Posterior Parietal Cortex

  • Motor Cortex

  • Left Inferotemporal Cortex

  • Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Erklärung

Frage 38 von 56

1

Mixing Costs do not measure

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • vigilance

  • rule activation

  • working memory

  • planning

Erklärung

Frage 39 von 56

1

Impulses and Reflexes are similar in many of the aspects listed below. Choose the option that does not apply

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • They are automatic

  • They can be unconscious

  • They are driven by emotions

  • They are processed fast

Erklärung

Frage 40 von 56

1

For compatibilists accounts the relationship between free-will and determinism is,

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • free-will is possible and physical determinism is true

  • free-will is possible and physical determinism is false

  • free-will is impossible and physical determinism is true

  • free-will is impossible and physical determinism is false

Erklärung

Frage 41 von 56

1

Impulsive behaviours are characterised by prioritising

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • long-term goals over short-term goals

  • short-term goals over long-term goals

  • relieve over regret

  • reward over punishment

Erklärung

Frage 42 von 56

1

ADHD does not normally co-exist in the same patient with which of the following syndromes

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Bipolar Disorder

  • Depression

  • Antisocial Behaviour

  • Psychotic Behaviour

Erklärung

Frage 43 von 56

1

Increased levels of addiction gradually induce

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • an overactive ventrolateral cortex

  • an under-active orbitofrontal cortex

  • increased in dopamine

  • increases in GABA

Erklärung

Frage 44 von 56

1

Most of the actions driven by emotions are executed by a network of brain areas commonly knows at the "zombie brain". Which of the following brain areas is not part of it?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Thalamus

  • Amygdala

  • Hippocampus

  • Hypothalamus

Erklärung

Frage 45 von 56

1

Utilisation behaviours related to which other syndrome?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Hyperkinesia

  • Tourette

  • Echolia

  • ADHD

Erklärung

Frage 46 von 56

1

Non-adaptive utilisation behaviour occurs when the response is triggered by,

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • objects and no context

  • objects and context

  • context, but no objects

  • neither objects nor contexts; but memory contents

Erklärung

Frage 47 von 56

1

In which kind of lesion is a patient most prone to develop anosognosia

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • left hemisphere

  • right hemisphere

  • subcortical nuclei

  • amygdala

Erklärung

Frage 48 von 56

1

The error related positivity (Pe) is mostly captured in which set of electrodes

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Frontopolar

  • Centroparietal

  • Frontocentral

  • Parietal

Erklärung

Frage 49 von 56

1

Which of the following test is the most appropriate to evaluate response inhibition (the non-emotional type)?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Wisconsin Card Sorting test

  • Go No-Go task

  • Task Switching

  • Iowa Gambling Task

Erklärung

Frage 50 von 56

1

From the following list, which of these executive functions is least likely to be modulated by Broca?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Response inhibition

  • Set Shifting

  • Action initiation

  • Self-Monitoring

Erklärung

Frage 51 von 56

1

During Monchi et al's (2001) study. Where did they find activation related to the positive feedback (cue to repeat)?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • right mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

  • left posterior prefrontal cortex

  • lateral premotor cortex

  • ventro-lateral prefrontal cortex

Erklärung

Frage 52 von 56

1

During Monchi et al's (2001) study. Where did they find activation related to the matching after the negative feedback (switch)?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • left posterior prefrontal cortex

  • right mid-dorsolateral PFC

  • Lateral premotor cortex

  • ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

Erklärung

Frage 53 von 56

1

During Monchi et al's (2001) study. Where did they find activation related to the matching after positive feedback (repeat)?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • lateral premotor cortex

  • right mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

  • left posterior prefrontal cortex

  • ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

Erklärung

Frage 54 von 56

1

In the Go-No Go paradigm, when does the stop signal normally appear?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • before the target

  • after the target

  • at the same time as the target

  • in these tasks there is no target

Erklärung

Frage 55 von 56

1

Adaptive utilisation behaviour occurs when the response is triggered by,

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • objects and no context

  • object and context

  • context, but no objects

  • neither objects not contexts, but memory contents

Erklärung

Frage 56 von 56

1

The error related negativity (Ne) is mostly captured in which set of electrodes?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Fronto-polar

  • Centro-parietal

  • Front-central

  • Parietal

Erklärung