Ψ =

Ψ g

Solute motential

Ψ p

Ψ s=

Bar to mPa

Dissolved sugar into water

Plasmolysed
Turgid
Flaccid

Soil-plant-air continuum

Boundary layer in transpiration

What air conditions makes the leaf thicker?

Cavitation

Overcoming this

Which system of vessels are more vulnerable to cavitation?

Tracheary elements in gymnosperms

Cavitation repair